@article { author = {Mousavi Zare, Seyed Javad and Zarghani, Seyed Hadi and Azami, Hadi}, title = {Analysis of the Position of Science and Technology in the Realm of Hard, Soft and Smart Power}, journal = {Geopolitics Quarterly}, volume = {13}, number = {47}, pages = {103-138}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Iranian Association of Geopolitics}, issn = {1735-4331}, eissn = {2538-3698}, doi = {}, abstract = {IntroductionPower is among the notions that in the focus of attention of experts in political geographyand Geopolitic. Accordingly, many scholars have discussed the nature, scope, deminsion andfunction of power. According to the one of the newest classification of power, it is dividedinto three forms of hard power, soft power and smart power. on the other hand, of years away,science and Nowadays, along with its; technology are considered as one of the main sourcesof the power. Hence, considering the fact that the Interest of global powers in the field ofscience and technology have been added more than the past, this research seeks to analyzethe position of science and technology in the realm of hard and soft and smart power. MethodologyIn this research, has been used through descriptive-analytical research method.Therefore, in thefirst stage, by studying library resources such as books, research projects and articles in Farsi andLatin, the role and position of science and technology has been Surveyied ; And its advantagesover hard, soft and smart power dimensions have been described and analyzed. In the next stepand in the field research, a three-question questionnaire was developed in two Persian and Englishlanguages based on Likert, and was attended by 400 domestic and foreign experts in the field ofpolitical geography, and International Relations and Geostrategic; finally, comments They havebeen investigated about the effects of science and technology on hard, soft and smart power. FindingsThe findings of this study have been derived from two parts of library resources and field research.Accordingly, in accordance with library finding , science and technology have three approaches toinfluencing various forms of power, including hard, soft and smart.1. The first approach: the hard power approach; that in it used the capacity of science and technologyto influence the components of hard power (military and economic power) and it also is used fostrengthen bargaining power with rival and hostile countries. to more precise phrase, if weconcentrate the most important sources of hard power in the country's economic capacity andmilitary power; science and technology, through various mechanisms, will have an impact on thesetwo areas of power.2. The Second Approach: Soft Power Approach; in the sense that the benefits of science andtechnology with the help of the diplomacy of science and technology are used for effect andstrengthen soft power. According to the findings of this section, science and technology, as a tool forthe application of soft power, have the basical potential in foreign policy and especially in diplomacyof science and technology, Hence, these benefits will be thoroughly examined in this approach.3. Third Approach: Smart Power Approach; in the sense that from the capacity of science andtechnology will be used to combine and unite mechanisms of hard power and soft power underthe guidance of diplomacy tool in order to apply of smart power. According to this approach, Thecenter of smart diplomacy is science and technology, which has both the hard power and soft powerfeatures , while at the same time demonstrating the ability to boycott, and the ability to partner andconverge. of course, this role is more under the ownership of diplomacy of science and technology.But the field findings and results and average scores obtained from domestic and foreign thinkersAlso have emphasized that science and technology have high degree of influence in three dimensionshard, soft, and smart power. AnalysisThe analize of research's findings reflect the fact that the new developments have leded the roleof science and particularly technology, as a key element, have attractived more than ever by theview of the majority of global powers. which, of course, partly reflects nature and character ofscience and technology; So that Between the various components that are influencing the powerof a country, whether either in viewpoint of appearance or in viewpoint of Thinkers, Scienceand technology have a double nature. therefore, it have this the capacity and potential that hardpower and soft power can been connectived under of the ownership of diplomacy of scienceand technology. on this basis, science and then technology can be thought of as the mostimportant linker of hard power, soft power and smart power. ConclusionThe results showed that although in the past centuries, territory, population, agriculturalresources, military power were the sources of authority, but in the present time, this role hasbeen transferred to science and technology; in fact, though that from ancient times, scienceas a the source of authority has been important; but in the current era, this role has beenenhanced with the help of technology; therefore, today, science and technology not only inits vast definition are probably the most important source of power, but also been impressedon the use of other forms of power and altered their mechanism and actions.Therefore, in the context of the globalization process and the complexity of the social andinternational environment, after the collapse of the bipolar system, we are witnessing thegrowing impact of science and technology on political issues and the equations of power onthe international level. So, As America's position at the top of global geometry of power, toa large extent, reflects the use of science and technology in pursuit of political, economic,military, cultural and other goals.For this reason, in today's world, science and technologycan be used as a rating card in the confront with global equations, since that it have asignificant impact on hard, soft, and smart power of countries.}, keywords = {Science and Technology,hard power,Soft power,Smart power,Diplomacy of science and technology}, title_fa = {بررسی و تحلیل جایگاه علم و فناوری در عرصه قدرت سخت، نرم و هوشمند}, abstract_fa = {قدرت از جمله مفاهیمی است که در مرکز توجه متخصصان جغرافیای سیاسی و ژئوپلیتیک قرار دارد؛ ازاین‌رو، اندیشمندان مختلفی به بحث در مورد ماهیت، قلمرو، ابعاد، کاربرد و کارکرد آن پرداخته‌‌اند؛ بر این اساس، یکی از جدیدترین اقسام طبقه‌بندی قدرت، تقسیم آن به سه شکل قدرت سخت، نرم و هوشمند است. از طرف دیگر، از سالیان دور علم و امروزه در کنار آن فناوری به‌عنوان یکی از فاکتور‌‌های اصلی قدرت قابل طرح بوده است. بر این اساس، این پژوهش با روش توصیفی-تحلیلی و با استناد به منابع معتبر کتابخانه ای و تحقیقات میدانی به‌دنبال بررسی نقش و جایگاه علم و فناوری در اشکال سه‌گانه قدرت سخت، نرم و هوشمند است؛ از این حیث، علاوه بر رجوع به منابع معتبر در قسمت یافته‌‌های کتابخانه‌‌ای، در بخش مطالعات میدانی، پرسشنامه‌‌ای به دو زبان فارسی و انگلیسی تهیه و در اختیار کارشناسان و صاحب‌نظران قرار گرفته که در مجوع 80 پرسشنامه تکمیل و ملاک ارزیابی قرار گرفت. با این تفاسیر یافته‌‌های کتابخانه‌‌ای پژوهش حاکی از آن است که علم و فناوری از جایگاه و نقش بنیادینی در هر سه بعد قدرت یعنی قدرت سخت، نرم و هوشمند برخوردار است. همچنین، یافته‌های میدانی نیز بیانگر این ادعا است که از منظر خبرگان و کارشناسان، علم و فناوری به ترتیب بر قدرت هوشمند، سخت و نرم بیشترین تأثیر گذاری را دارد.       }, keywords_fa = {علم و فناوری,قدرت سخت,قدرت نرم,قدرت هوشمند,دیپلماسی علم و فناوری}, url = {https://journal.iag.ir/article_55809.html}, eprint = {https://journal.iag.ir/article_55809_01fddcfea6b1c820031ddde512ea8499.pdf} }