انجمن ژئوپلیتیک ایرانفصلنامه بین المللی ژئوپلیتیک1735-433192920130321Political Management of Space in Unitary State Systemsمدیریت سیاسی فضا در سیستمهای بسیط متمرکز13156042FAمحمدرضا حافظ نیاـ استاد جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرسابراهیم رومیناـ دانشآموخته جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرسزهرا احمدی ورـ دانشیار جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرسعلی اصغر فانیـ استادیار مدیریت، دانشگاه تربیت مدرسJournal Article20110423Introduction <br />Organizing states affaires is done by institutions that have power and authority in geographical space. Power and authority in geographical space is formed by force or transferring nation’s power to state. Currently, transferring nation’s power to state is the popular phenomena in political structure of most countries. <br />There are three state patterns: unitary, federal and regional. There are some differences between state’s system and power distribution in space. Unitary state pattern is divided into two parts: centralized unitary pattern that has centralized political and administrative system and decentralized unitary pattern that is centralized from political and legislative prospect and it is decentralized from administrative prospect. <br />Analysis of centralized unitary systems in some countries that have diverse geographical environment and human groups show that these systems face the following challenges: lack of geographical justice, lack of structural and functional integrity of space and homogeneity, transient and government-based participation, bureaucracy, regional and local challenges, imperceptible and sustainable development, centralized communication networks, enlarging capital of state and regional cities affected by concentration of capital and money, concentration of governmental organizations. This research shows that these challenges are the result of four variants: legislation, centralized political management, low and transient participant and political division of space as a context of functions of political and administrative institutions in these systems. <br />This research will present a theoretical framework in relation to expounding political management of space in these management patterns by investigating current challenges using descriptive methodology and library and documentary findings as data gathering procedures. <br /> <br />Methodology <br />Descriptive field study methods and searching of library resources and documents; with the challenges of focusing on Unitary State, the theoretical framework explained in connection with the political management of space will offer. <br /> <br />Results and discussion <br />Unitary State Systems, the central state will strengthen and expand all-round. In this case the central government authority laws, rules, regulations and instructions are. So the same rules are applied uniformly in all parts of the country. There are no laws at the local level. Thus, this law does not fit with regional and local realities, and sometimes is in conflict with them. Therefore, neglecting local issues and geographical characteristics of the defects in the legislation is focused on the Unitary State Systems. <br />Unitary State Systems, the executive management is also focused on similar legislation. Management of local and regional levels of authority are not required for the decision. These are the countries with geographic diversity, performance management is the lack of such a tool that managers and flattering spreads. The local issues are ignored. <br />Political participation in the Unitary State Systems is very low. Or participation in these countries is not meaningful. The low participation in Unitary State Systems on sustainability issues in the country. <br />Administrative divisions in the Unitary State Systems are not focused on the needs of the geographical environment. Administrative divisions are smaller in these countries. Therefore, several centers with large organizations in a small geographical area is formed. <br /> <br />Conclusion <br />Countries that are geographically diverse environment, Unitary State Systems, particularly its focus on the type of performance is required in connection with the political management of space. Political management of space systems with singular focus on various issues in four areas of legislation, implementation, and partnerships with the country's divisions. <br /> <br /> سازماندهی امور یک کشور از طریق نهادهایی است که در فضای جغرافیایی از قدرت و اختیار برخوردار هستند. قدرت و اختیار در فضاهای جغرافیایی یا از طریق سلطه جبری شکل میگیرد یا از طریق واگذاری قدرت و اختیار از سوی ملت به حکومت که در حال حاضر الگوی واگذاری قدرت از سوی ملت به حکومتها پدیده رایج در ساختار سیاسی اغلب کشورهای جهان است. سه الگوی حکومتی بسیط، فدرال و ناحیهای وجود دارند که در آنها بین نظام حکومتی و الگوی توزیع فضایی قدرت در فضاهای جغرافیایی تفاوت وجود دارد. الگوی بسیط یا تکساخت خود نیز به دو بخش تقسیم میشود: الگوی بسیط متمرکز که نظام سیاسی و اداری تمرکزگرایی را داراست و الگوی بسیط غیرمتمرکز که از نظر سیاسی و قانونگذاری متمرکز، ولی از نظر اداری و خدماتی غیرمتمرکز میباشد. این پژوهش نشان داده است که این چالشها از نظر جغرافیایی ناشی از چهار مؤلفه قانونگذاری، مدیریت سیاسی متمرکز، مشارکت پایین و مقطعی و تقسیمات سیاسی فضا بهعنوان بستر کارکردهای سازمانهای اداری و سیاسی در این سیستمها است.تحلیل سیستمهای بسیط متمرکز برای کشورهای دارای تنوع محیط جغرافیایی و تکثر گروههای انسانی نشان میدهد که این سیستمها با چالشهایی چون فقدان عدالت جغرافیایی، فقدان یکپارچگی و تجانس ساختاری و کارکردی فضا، مشارکت مقطعی و دولتمحور، بوروکراسی شدید، چالشهای ناحیهای و محلی، توسعه کند و ناپایدار، شبکه ارتباطی تمرکزگرا، بزرگ شدن کانون سیاسی کشور و کانونهای ناحیهای تحت تأثیر تمرکز سرمایه و پول، تمرکز نهادهای حکومتی در مرکز مواجه است. پژوهش حاضر با شیوه توصیفی زمینهیاب یا پهنانگر و با استفاده از منابع کتابخانهای و اسنادی؛ با بررسی چالشهای موجود در سیستم بسیط متمرکز، چارچوبی نظری را در ارتباط با تبیین مدیریت سیاسی فضا در این الگوهای مدیریتی ارائه میدهد.<br /> https://journal.iag.ir/article_56042_f990a02ea925bc14ac2998ede2968917.pdfانجمن ژئوپلیتیک ایرانفصلنامه بین المللی ژئوپلیتیک1735-433192920130321Investigation Geopolitical Position of Energy in Supplying Iran's National Security from the Prospect of Three National Security Approaches (Pivot expansion, Maintenance and Development)بررسی جایگاه ژئوپلیتیک انرژی در تأمین امنیت ملی ایران از منظر سه رویکرد امنیتملی (گسترشمحور، حفظمحور و توسعهمحور)325956043FAعلیرضا محرابی-استادیار جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتیسید یحیی صفوی-دانشیار جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشگاه امامحسینحسین مهدیان- دانشجوی دکترای علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه اصفهان و عضو هیأت علمی دانشگاه امام علیJournal Article20111211Introduction <br />Positive and negative geopolitical phenomena have always had important role among factors that specify Iran’s fate. Currently, energy is one of the important variants in Iran’s fate, and one the ways that Iran can promote its security coefficient. Attention to the foreign policy is based on energy security. <br />Iran’s energy geopolitics in two facets of geo-economic and geostrategic has the potential of supplying national security and interests. Iran in the facet of geo-economic (with respect to this point that it has the second place in having oil and gas resourcesin the world) has the potentiality of being converted to one of the major energy partners of oil and gas consumers. Also, Iran in the facet of geostrategic has the position that can have a pivotal role in supplying region and world energy security. These mentioned facts decrease Iran’s geopolitical power in supplying national security. <br />The argumentation of this article which is analyzed through descriptive-analytic method is that if at the macro-level, the developmental national security approach is prioritized, then we can make use of a robust energy diplomacy for developing national power and national security. <br /> <br />Methodology <br />This paper describes an approach that is based on reason and analysis. In the center of scientific research and the use of Fish and Delphi survey to collect information on the subject is. The theoretical descriptions of the required background investigation and logical analysis of effective approaches to the geopolitics of energy security has been provided in both geostrategic and geo economy. <br /> <br />Results and discussion <br />One of the most important variables affecting the fate of nations geopolitical, energy geopolitics is shifting .Iran is the world's second-largest oil and gas, has the potential to play a more effective role in global energy security. Iran’s oil reserves (151.2 billion barrels in the year 2012), one of the world's five largest reserves of strength that the current production of more than 4/89 will last for years. Iran 1,168.6 trillion cubic feet of gas reserves, about 15.9 (January 2012) percent of the total gas reserves in the world that the process will produce over one hundred years old. <br />Development-oriented approach to national security, regional and global scale in order to meet the interests of national security and the geopolitics of energy is not And causes many locations geo poly economy and the geopolitics of energy in the country geo poly economy place, lost in regional and global dimensions .The reason is rather the result of this approach to national security, from the other side of this approach. <br />In the global and trans-national security-driven development approaches, insisting on the formation of these attitudes are Iran wants to interact with the system and it is the main power and the powers of policies contrary to their national interests to consider. Adopting this approach so far has been to form a major threat to national security Iran and more opportunities to play an effective role in global energy security is destroyed. <br />Iran's export earnings, energy (oil and gas) in particular is highly dependent on crude oil. The oil economy led Iran's foreign trade relations, based on the export of crude oil and the purchase of consumer goods formed. The reason is to cut oil exports, foreign trade relations with Iran and the challenges facing unsustainable growth and prosperity Iran would harm the foundation of breaking. During the economic boom of recent years has been mainly influenced by the increase in oil revenues. <br />Domestic economy and foreign trade dependence on oil Iran's foreign policy is tied to oil. This has led Iran's geopolitical vulnerability. And now some power with knowledge of the situation and harm to Iran, Have focused their policies on this issue. If you keep looking in critical condition after power-driven economy is vulnerable to national security, In contrast, the geopolitics of energy in Geostrategic then, is to provide national security. <br />We have a realistic view of the world we live in balance. Threats to country in search of ways to defend your self comes And threatening the government to balance does. If you have to understand the real threat is Iran Of their capacity to defend and repel national security threats facing their uses. The inhibitors are important tools to ward off potential threats, geo-strategic position of Iran. <br />Located in the center of strategic energy ellipse has caused Energy security and the need to shift the country's energy production and consumption, Influenced by Iran and its influence in the region. So the geopolitics of energy in Geostrategic can then adopt appropriate strategies for threats against national security, it can play a preventive role. <br />Development-oriented approach to national security approach to interactive global system, can effectively the geopolitics of energy in order to ensure national security. In view of the new security, while security threats are eliminated and the positive should be done by increasing the power, the strength in different dimensions (political, economic, military, etc.) expand the size of the claim that security threats. <br />Geo poly economy View, Iran's vast energy resources as the impact of geographic variables, the most important engines of economic momentum, which if utilized properly, will enhance the country's economic strength. Domestic energy resources in the country are helping to spur economic development and industrial wheels. The external dimension of the national income increases, increase economic partners, strategic and economic cooperation will ultimately create dependency. Participation in various forms of oil and gas pipeline network and increase our share of the energy market. Participation in the upstream sector investment, particularly in our ability to enhance energy diplomacy. <br />Our unique geopolitical position allows us to become the region's center of trade and distribution. Energy corridors in the region and the world market, Iran's position has improved. And the transfer of energy from the soil and producing energy consuming nations are somehow related to Iran. <br />Located in the region between the two main areas of focus and energy in the universe, Close proximity to the Persian Gulf and Caspian Sea areas of energy, transport, express geostrategic position in the global energy security. Iran’s position on the issue of power and control, and close proximity to Iran and other Persian Gulf oil transport routes for Caspian energy routes has caused the shifting geopolitical energy transfer to Iran, provided the geostrategic power production. <br /> <br />Conclusion <br />In the current world, national security and the interests of oil-producing countries, the extent of their role in global energy security is concerned, Iran also should consider their national interests, and the appropriate role of the state in this field should take. In case of national security-driven development approach, and interaction and collaboration rather than confrontation with the global system to choose, many potential opportunities working with the world's major energy consumers such as the Europe Union, China, India and Japan are at a loss, to be revived. Adopt national security-driven development approach with an interactive view of the global system, whereas the wake of the adoption of such an approach is less political divisions, While the formation of long-term and short-term investments in Iran provides, Obstacles to the conclusion of treaties of energy supply, particularly the supply of natural gas to Europe from the Indian subcontinent and East picks. If this is true with regard to energy security and a deeper look at the national security and interests of national security and national interests tied, the countries threaten the security and national interests are more sensitive and more resilient.geo economic look as if adopting such an approach, the geopolitics of energy increases the economic powers - be. Economic strength, national development will lead to Factor and its influence on other aspects of our national strength is becoming National security is a positive result. <br /> <br /> ژئوپلیتیک انرژی ایران در دو بعد ژئواکونومیک و ژئواستراتژیک، قابلیت بالقوه تأمین منافع و امنیت ملی کشور را دارا میباشد. در بعد ژئواکونومیک، ایران بهعنوان دومین دارنده نفت و گاز جهان، ظرفیت تبدیل شدن به یکی از اصلیترین شرکای انرژی مصرفکنندگان بزرگ نفت و گاز جهان را دارد. در بعد ژئواستراتژیک نیز ایران در موقعیتی قرار دارد که میتواند در امنیت انرژی منطقهای و جهانی نقشی محوری ایفا نماید. موارد یاد شده باعث افزایش قدرت ژئوپلیتیک در راستای تأمین امنیت ملی کشور میگردد. در بین عناصر تعیینکننده سرنوشت کشور ایران، عوارض مثبت و منفی ژئوپلیتیک همواره حضوری پررنگ داشتهاند. هماکنون نیز یکی از مهمترین متغیرهای ژئوپلیتیک مؤثر بر سرنوشت کشور، متغیر انرژی میباشد و یکی از راههایی که ایران میتواند ضریب امنیت ملی خود را افزایش دهد، توجه به سیاست خارجی مبتنی بر امنیت انرژی است.استدلال اصلی این مقاله که با روشی توصیفی- تحلیلی بررسی گردیده، این است که اگر در سطح تصمیمگیری کلان، از بین رویکردهای امنیت ملی کشور یعنی رویکردهای گسترشمحور، حفظمحور و توسعهمحور، اولویت به رویکرد امنیت ملی توسعهمحور برای تعامل بیشتر با نظام جهانی داده شود در آن صورت است که میتوان از طریق یک دیپلماسی انرژی منسجم و قوی، از ژئوپلیتیک انرژی در راستای توسعه قدرت ملی و تأمین امنیت ملی بهره جست.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> https://journal.iag.ir/article_56043_d0f4970a2981bedc08f59f2c71f4a9b5.pdfانجمن ژئوپلیتیک ایرانفصلنامه بین المللی ژئوپلیتیک1735-433192920130321Islamic Attitude toward the Role of Culture in Expanding Countries’ Sphere of Influenceنگرشی اسلامی به نقش فرهنگ در توسعه قلمرو نفوذ کشورها609056044FAمحمود واثقاستادیار جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشگاه تهرانسید عباس احمدیـ استادیار جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشگاه تهرانJournal Article20101224Introduction <br />Each geographic region and each country is defined by two factors: 1- Focal point or political center, 2- certain realm and domain. According to international regulations, all countries have certain territorial area which is recognized by International institutions and other countries that is displayed on the world political map. In addition to the official concept of realm, on the basis of Islamic attitude, it is possible to consider another domain for each country which is called sphere of influence. <br />Sphere of influence is a geographical domain theta country is able to control its existing environmental process in perceptible or imperceptible form. The sphere of influence of a country is the total of various political, economic, military, geographical and cultural factors. On the basis of this article, the cultural and soft factors and sources are considered as the most principal factors affecting countries' sphere of influence. <br />With respect to the this point, the present article emphasizes the Islamic attitude in the domain of political thought, and therefore, this research tries to study and discuss the role of cultural factor and soft sources of power in expanding sphere of influence of countries using the principals of Islamic-political thoughts. <br />In this relation, there is a question that is: “what is the sphere of influence and what factors does it have? In response to this question, a hypothesis is presented that is: “it seems that sphere of influence consists of a country’s influence that exerts and the major index in specifying this sphere is the index of cultural authority. <br /> <br />Methodology <br />In this article which is consider as a type of correlation research, it was tried to prove the existence of real relation between two variables “cultural power” as an independent variable and “influence domain” as a functional variable , within the frame work of general law and proposition. This general relation can be applied in studying and evaluating the influence domain and scope of all countries and governments. <br />Information required by this research is collected from written deeds and documents like specialized books, publication and articles. Also, the historical, objective and viewpoints of clear-sight persons related to the subject was also the base of some of the analysis of this article. To evaluate the hypothesis of research and to prove correlation between the said two variables, information and findings of research using method of qualitative analysis were used. <br /> <br />Result and Discussion <br />The power of influence and effectiveness of a country in the geographic space, resulting from the composition of various materialistic and non-materialistic factors and sources. In the opinion of writers of this article and on the basis of Islamic attitude, the scope of influence and effectiveness of a government is mostly depended to the ratio of legitimacy, public acceptance and also efficiency and capability of government in the political management and organization of a space. The result of said characteristics caused to type of cultural and software power. For this purpose, topics like ethical and intellectual attraction, piety and chastity, honesty, sympathy, justifiability, obligation towards law and scientific and managerial capability in category of characteristics necessary for the governmental agents and the organizational and functional nature of government in the political thought of Islam, possesses important and outstanding position. From the viewpoint of Islam only that type of government qualified for power, necessary influence and effectiveness in the political management which possesses the most ratios of ethical and intellectual attraction, power and cultural acceptability. Findings and evidences of this research include Koranic verses, speeches and viewpoints of Imam Ali (P.B.U.H), the event of appearance of Islam, occurrence of Islamic revolution of Iran and objective evidences and documents, shows that there is a direct and positive relation between an intellectual and cultural power of a government with the ratio and scope of influence and effectiveness and also in controversy, in proportion to decrease in the ratio of legitimacy and intellectual and cultural power of a government, the scope of its influence and effectiveness will be decreased severely. This correlation relation will be observed through study in the history of Islam and also functions of Islamic revolution of Iran and their spatial events. <br /> <br />Conclusion <br />In this article, the subject of effectiveness and effective influence of government and countries within the national and post-national limits with the approach of Islamic thought. <br />In this study, four of the following sources and evidences were used: <br />1. Verses of Holy Koran related to the subject. <br />2. A part of speeches and opinions of Ali (P.B.U.H) related to the subject. <br />3. Historical study of appearance of Islam in the Arabian Peninsula and its spatial events. <br />4. Study about the Islamic revolution of Iran and its geopolitical influence and effects in the Middle East and North Africa. <br />Study in the intellectual and political Islamic sources shows that the subject of power and intellectual attraction of a government and utilizing cultural and software methods in the social and political management, possess an important and outstanding place and basically the approach of Islamic thought towards the issue of government and power is mostly cultural characteristics. From the Islamic viewpoint, power and management capability of a government resulting from three legitimacy characteristics, public acceptance and its efficiency and all three also subject to ratio of intellectual power and cultural attraction with the public opinion inside and outside the domain. Studies preformed in the said sources and also present evidence shows following results: <br />1. Study in the religious text and also historical and experimental studies shows that, still there is a correlation relation between power and intellectual and cultural attraction of a government with the ratio of its influence and effectiveness. <br />2. Correlation between two variables of cultural power and influence is a common and comprehensive proportion and role and is extendable to all countries and government and is utilizable in the evaluation and classification of all countries from the viewpoint of influence domain and power. <br />3. Although, the influence and effectiveness domain and region of a government resulting from the composition and process of materialistic and non-materialistic factors, but on the basis of viewpoint of this article and findings, among all factors and source of power, the cultural and software factors and sources plays a main and pivot role. <br />4. On the basis of results obtained from findings of this research, theorem of this article which emphasis on the priority and pivot of cultural power in determining the influence region of the countries, was tested and proved. <br /> هر ناحیه جغرافیایی و نیز هر کشور با دو عامل نقطه کانونی یا مرکز سیاسی و قلمرو و محدوده معین، تعریف میشود. مطابق قوانین رسمی بینالمللی، همه کشورهای جهان دارای محدوده سرزمینی مشخص هستند که از سوی نهادهای بینالمللی و دیگر کشورها بهرسمیّت شناخته شده و بر روی نقشه سیاسی جهان نمایش داده میشوند. علاوه بر مفهوم رسمی قلمرو، براساس نگرش اسلامی میتوان برای هریک از کشورهای جهان محدودة دیگری را در نظر گرفت که از آن به قلمرو یا حوزة نفوذ یاد میشود.حوزه نفوذ آن محدوده جغرافیایی است که یک کشور بهطور محسوس یا نامحسوس قادر به کنترل فرایندهای محیطی موجود در آن باشد. حوزة نفوذ یک کشور ناشی از برآیند عوامل متعدد سیاسی، اقتصادی، نظامی، جغرافیایی و فرهنگی است. لیکن مطابق نظر این مقاله، عوامل و منابع فرهنگی و نرمافزاری بهعنوان اصلیترین مؤلفه تأثیرگذار در حوزة نفوذ کشورها محسوب میشود. در این رابطه پرسشی که مطرح گردیده آن است که، «قلمرو نفوذ چیست و با چه شاخصههایی تعیین میشود؟» در پاسخ به پرسش مزبور، این فرضیه ارائه شده است که، «بهنظر میرسد قلمرو نفوذ مشتمل بر محدودة اثرگذاری یک کشور بوده و اصلیترین شاخص در تعیین این قلمرو، شاخص اقتدار فرهنگی است». نظر به اینکه رویکرد مقاله حاضر توجه و تأکید بر نگرش اسلامی در حوزة اندیشة سیاسی است، لذا طی این پژوهش تلاش بهعمل آمده تا با بهرهگیری از مبانی اندیشة سیاسی اسلام، به بحث و بررسی پیرامون نقش عامل فرهنگ و منابع نرمافزاری قدرت در توسعه حوزة نفوذ کشورها پرداخته شود.<br /> https://journal.iag.ir/article_56044_a7d0ee4fa37d806573acdbe9e0752ea5.pdfانجمن ژئوپلیتیک ایرانفصلنامه بین المللی ژئوپلیتیک1735-433192920130321Analysis of the Geography of Terrorism in the Southeast of Iranارزیابی جغرافیای تروریسم در جنوب شرقی ایران9112656045FAحسن ایزدی- استادیار جغرافیا، دانشگاه شیرازعلی اکبر دبیری- کارشناس ارشد جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهدJournal Article20110201Introduction <br />Geography of terrorism investigates the role of geography in the creationof terrorism in geographical space levels. In Iran, in particular in boundary and periphery regions, geopolitical and geographical traits have an important role in the creation of terrorism. This matter is very objective in the southeast of Iran.In fact, some geographical contexts (physical and human)like: weak vital fundaments, having high distance from political centre of state, existing vast geographical phenomena, asymmetrical regional development, ethnic- religious differences with central state, existence in boundary region and weak communication network and etc. as internal factors and some geopolitical factors like: trait of neighbor countries, regional and supra- regional powers and drug geopolitics as external factors have the most profound in the formation of terrorist groups in southeast of Iran. This article tries to investigate geography of terrorism in southeast, geopolitical and geographical traits affecting the formation terrorist groups and their activities in this region. <br /> <br />Methodology <br />In this article, we have used the descriptive and analytical methods. The required data is collected through library resources, documents and statistical data of scientific websites. In this study with due attention to its special particulars, has been used form enough maps. <br /> <br />Discussion <br />Iran's geographical and geopolitical features, especially in the South East region of the country have had a significant impact on the formation and activities of terrorist groups. These factors can be divided into two categories which include: Endogenous factors that are rooted in geographical fields (natural and human) and Exogenous factors that have a geopolitical entity. In this region, the geographical factors (natural and human) that provide the fields of formation and activities of terrorists Include: weakness in the foundations of biological, Topography and there are the broad geographic complications, geographical isolation and relatively long distance from capital, unbalanced regional development, demographic characteristics, ethnic and religious differences with the central government, tribal system and ethnic and religious links with the beyond boundary, being at the border and poor communication network. Geographical characteristics mentioned above have created conditions such as: the creation of wide uninhabited spaces, suitable space for hiding and escape, reduction of government oversight and authority, feeling of deprivation, feeling of humiliation and social gaps, illegally crossing of the border, the divergence of law and central government, distrust of central government policies. Actually, these are the intermediate variables in shaping the phenomenon of terrorism in south-east country. In addition, geopolitical characteristics the region which includes geopolitics of drugs, involvement of regional and trans-regional powers, the characteristics of neighbor government, are effective in creating insecurity through transit of drugs, crossing of armed bandits, advertising and promotion of Wahhabi and Deobandism and also Issuance of crisis and insecurity from neighboring countries (Afghanistan and Pakistan) to the south east of Iran. <br /> <br />Conclusion <br />Totally, formation of terrorism groups such as Jundallah in south- eastern of Iran has many factors and reasons that most of them have geographical and geopolitics aspects. It must be consider that this factors caused terrorism formation and activity totally and with each other, each of them strengthen and feed in relation of other factors. Therefore formation of terrorism phenomenon in south- eastern of country is the effect geographical basis compound as inner and basic factory and geopolitical particulars as external and outward factors. <br /> <br /> جغرافیای تروریسم به بررسی تأثیراتی که جغرافیا بر شکلدهی پدیده تروریسم در سطح فضاهای جغرافیایی دارد، میپردازد. در ایران نیز ویژگیهای جغرافیایی و ژئوپلیتیکی کشور بهخصوص در مناطق مرزی و حاشیهای تأثیر زیادی در شکلگیری و فعالیت گروهکهای تروریستی داشته است. این تأثیرگذاری در جنوب شرقی ایران بسیار حادتر و عینیتر است. در واقع پارهای از زمینههای جغرافیایی (طبیعی و انسانی) مانند: بنیادهای زیستی ضعیف، فاصله زیاد از مرکز سیاسی حکومت، وجود عوارض جغرافیایی وسیع، توسعه نامتوازن منطقهای، تفاوت قومی- مذهبی با حکومت مرکزی، مرزی بودن و ضعف شبکه ارتباطی و ... بهعنوان عوامل درونزا و تعدادی از عوامل ژئوپلیتیکی مانند: ویژگیهای حکومتهای همسایه، قدرتهای منطقهای و فرامنطقهای و ژئوپلیتیک مواد مخدر بهعنوان عوامل برونزا دارای بیشترین میزان اثرگذاری در شکلگیری گروهکهای تروریستی در جنوب شرقی کشور میباشند. در این مقاله تلاش شده است ضمن بررسی جغرافیای تروریسم در جنوب شرقی کشور، ویژگیهای جغرافیایی و ژئوپلیتیکی مؤثر در شکلگیری و فعالیت گروهکهای تروریستی در این منطقه مورد بررسی و تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گیرد.<br /> https://journal.iag.ir/article_56045_b9ca8d18c2730bd509d6d6df13c77ed5.pdfانجمن ژئوپلیتیک ایرانفصلنامه بین المللی ژئوپلیتیک1735-433192920130321Geopolitical Approaches and Interests in the Middle East and North Africa Evolutionsرویکردها و علائق ژئوپلیتیک در تحولات خاورمیانه و شمال آفریقا12716556046FAنبیالله رشنو- استادیار جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد تهران جنوبJournal Article20110908Introduction <br />The balance and structure of power in Arabic-Islamic domain of the Middle East and North Africa is in a way that any kind of change or evolution causes new geopolitical changes at different international levels along with international changes. With culminating protests and falling dictatorships in this domain, along with destabilized powers and prolongation of changes in the Middle East and North Africa which resulted in the attenuation of strategic position of Israel, current situations are clear manifestations of extensive changes in strategic attitudes of powers toward mentioned approaches which consists mostly of two major subjects , namely Islamic awareness along with youth claims and uprisings in the developers of geopolitics of regional government. Especially, predicting a kind of deconstructed social reconstruction and social construction based on modern nationalism with the important attendance of people in different arenas is not far from expectation, but considering the uprisings at internal and external levels, one can think of these claims as diverse and different and Islamic-governance prospects with emphasis on mild Islamic attitudes can be thought combination of Islamic fundamentals and a value along with a free political and social arena which is claimed by the young. The process and result of election in two countries, namely Tunisia and Egypt, has the account of the partial attention of people toward the function of Islamic interests in the evolution of new governments. However, predicting any kind of fundamental and short-term change in the direction of transformation in the above mentioned situation is difficult because western powers, in their strategic evaluation of their effective regional attendance with continued effort for preventing attempts in deconstructing their national cohesion by others, are seeking for the maintenance of conflicting social structures in societies, and they try to maintain religious conflicts in the modern Islamic-Arabic change preferences of the Middle East and south Africa. The above mentioned issues are some of the parts of the content of this article which are analyzed with the aim of investigating the reasons and results of Islamic-Arabic evolution in the Middle East and South Africa based on strategic approach and fundamentals of geopolitics. <br /> <br />Methodology <br />The descriptive and analytical method was used in this study. The data required for the study were collected from Libraries (books, papers,) and Internet. <br /> <br />Dissuasion <br />Considering the balance of power in the broader Arabic - Islamic Middle East, North Africa, or representations of any analysis of the geopolitical landscape changes requires an understanding of the factors set Structural change which that consistently within the field of the effects of different levels vibration and international developments are of particular geopolitical, Earlier in the year 2011 with a gradual escalation of revolutions and grassroots uprisings in the broader Arabic - Arabic Muslim North Africa and the Middle East primarily the overthrow of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, ruling dictator Tunes country early was. Subsequently in a period of approximately one month Egyptian dictator Hosni Mubarak was toppled ruling and that following the fall of ruling Gaddafi regime in Libya and Yemen dictated variations, Widespread wave grassroots uprisings in other countries, especially in the regions dictators and hereditary rulers of Bahrain, Jordan, Syria and even Saudi Arabia are also has impressed. That some analysts and strategists international affairs believe, it was titled dictators falling domino recall. But the landscape suggest that the uprisings beginning of on a vast geopolitical developments in the Middle East and North Africa vibrations, The wide variation in the arena of world politics as well as regional and international relations, this field will. <br /> <br />Conclusion <br />The current situation, the Arabic - Islamic Middle East and North Africa has been in a period of transition, which is strongly associated with measures ethnic of attitudes, and if powers and regional countries cannot effectively manage the transition and the transition, Will certainly great countries and trans-regional strategies with their appropriate to changes, These areas will be managed based on religious and ethnic models. <br /> بدون شک توازن و ساختار قدرت در حوزه عربی- اسلامی خاورمیانه و شمال آفریقا بهنحوی است که هرگونه تغییر و تحول ساختاری در آن ضمن تأثیرات گسترده درون حوزهای سبب لرزشهای ژئوپلیتیکی نوینی در سطوح مختلف بینالمللی میگردد. با اوجگیری تدریجی قیامهای مردمی در این حوزه و سقوط زود هنگام برخی از حاکمیتهای دیکتاتوری، ضمن متزلزل شدن کرسیهای قدرت در سایر دول عربی و استمرار و گسترش تغییر و تحولات در خاورمیانه و شمال آفریقا که سبب تضعیف شدید جایگاه و عمق استراتژیک اسرائیل (رژیم اشغالگر قدس) گردیده است، شرایط کنونی حاکی از اضطراب و دگرگونیهای گسترده در نگرشهای استراتژیکی قدرتهای ذینفوذ نسبت به روند و چشمانداز تحولات مذکور است که عمدتاً مشتمل بر دو موضوع بیداری اسلامی با همراهی موجی از مطالبات جوانان عرب و نیز دگرگونی در سازندهای ژئوپلیتیکی نظام منطقهای میباشد. بویژه آنکه پیشبینی نوعی از بازساخت اجتماعی دگرگون یافته و یک نوزایی اجتماعی مبتنی بر ملیگرایی نوین با حضور مؤثرتر مردم در عرصههای گوناگون این جوامع نیز دور از انتظار نمیباشد. اما با توجه به اینکه در این کشورها خیزشهای مردمی با مشارکت عملی طیفها و سطوح مختلف داخلی و خارجی صورت گرفته است، این موضوع قابل تأمل است که مطالبات عمومی نیز در این شرایط جدید بسیار متنوع و متعدد بوده و چشمانداز الگوی سیاسی- حاکمیتی قابل تصور در این کشورها نیز با تأکید بر نگرشهای معتدل اسلامی، عملاً میتواند تلفیقی از مبانی اسلامی و ارزشی همراه با فضای باز سیاسی و اجتماعی مورد مطالبه نسلهای جوان باشد. روند و نتایج انتخابات گوناگون بخصوص در دو کشور تونس و مصر هم حکایتی از توجه نسبی مردم به کارکرد علائق اسلامی در سیر حاکمیتهای نوین دارد. با این حال برای این حوزه پیشبینی هر گونه تغییراساسی و کوتاهمدت در جهت تحول در وضعیت فوقالذکر، بسیار دشوار است. زیرا قدرتهای غربی در بازبینیهای استراتژیکی از حضور مؤثرتر منطقهای خود، با تلاش مستمر برای ممانعت از هر گونه حرکت این کشورها به سمت انسجام ملی، عملاً بهدنبال حفظ ساختارهای متعارض اجتماعی در این جوامع و نیز تداوم اختلافات قومی و مذهبی در جهتگیریهای نوین تحولات حوزه عربی اسلامی خاورمیانه و شمال آفریقا میباشند. موضوعات مورد اشاره در بالا خشی از مسائل مورد بحث در این مقاله است که با هدف کنکاش در علل و نتایج تحولات حوزه عربی- اسلامی خاورمیانه و شمال آفریقا با رویکردی استراتژیکی و بر محور مبانی ژئوپلیتیکی موردتحلیل و بررسی قرار گرفته است.<br /> https://journal.iag.ir/article_56046_086a3551fa69ef2f7f51b3e6d5aa0ab3.pdfانجمن ژئوپلیتیک ایرانفصلنامه بین المللی ژئوپلیتیک1735-433192920130321Analysis of the Performance of Dispute Settlement Councils in Promoting Rural Development Management
Case study: Shabestar Villagesتحلیل عملکرد شوراهای حل اختلاف در تعالی مدیریت توسعه روستایی16618456047FAعبدالرضا رکن الدین افتخاری- دانشیار جغرافیا، دانشگاه تربیت مدرسمهدی پورطاهری- استادیار جغرافیا، دانشگاه تربیت مدرسسعیده فرخی سیس- کارشناس ارشد جغرافیا و برنامهریزی روستایی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرسJournal Article20120805Introduction <br />Rural development documents show that management of rural development has not been done by governments, bureaucracies and market as a process. Currently, people and public institutions have been considered in the frame of governance word as substitutes for management word and with new institutionalizing approach with the aim of enabling rural development. So, principles and approaches, planning architecture with social approach and designs of rural participation have been decreased, and these facts have been accompany eddying increase in governance’ function against governments’ actions and interferes. This paper is done with the purpose of performance analysis of dispute settlements councils in promoting rural development management of Shabestar villages. Research methodology is descriptive-analytic and the data gathering procedure is field finding. The samples of this research consist of 16 villages of central section of Shabestar which have consultation settlement of dispute. Here, 230 Householders were selected using random sampling. This research uses 9 indexes (good governance index) and 58 criteria to analyze the function of rural consultation settlement of dispute and justice home. Finally, we have used independent T-test to analysis data. Based on results earned from analysis, it can be said that dispute settlement councils relatively promoted management of rural developments of Shabestar villages. <br /> <br /> <br />Methodology <br />The main research question is: What is the function of consultation settlement of dispute and justice home in rural development management excellence in Shabestar? <br />In this research, we have used good governance indexes to analyze the function of rural consultation settlement of dispute and justice home in rural management excellence. The methodology has been descriptive-analytic and survey. Then, the data was collected by piloting questionnaire. The samples of this research consist of 16 villages of central section of Shabestar which benefit from consultation settlement of dispute since 5 years ago and precedence of justice home. Here, 230 Householders from related rural were selected using random sampling. This research uses 9 index (good governance index) and 58 criteria for analysis the function of rural consultation settlement of dispute and justice home. Finally, we have used independent T-test and for data analysis. <br /> <br />Result and discussion <br />Without any adobe, good governance which assists on spread of public institutions, relationship between society cast, poverty reduction, environmental protection and women improvement and development; will be facilitated for sustainable and comprehensive development. Of course if the field and facilities for realization of them provided in rural, which public institution in way of institutional management can provide those facilities and finally facilitate rural management development excellence. <br /> <br />Conclusion <br />The result of this research indicates that Council resolve disputes have been effective in rural development management excellence rather than same term before Islamic revolution, justice home, in Shabestar, and has been good function in all of indexes. All in all, in spite of realization of the rural development management excellence; it is deficits in its function. However, we can say that the Council resolve disputes are considered as effective factor in spread of peace and reconciliation culture, realization of institutional management in rural and increase public participation. <br /> <br /> اسناد توسعه روستایی نشان می دهد که مدیریت توسعه روستایی بهعنوان یک فرآیند، تنها توسط دولت ها، بوروکراسی و بازار صورت نمیگیرد. بلکه در حال حاضر مردم و نهادهای مردمی در قالب واژه حکمروایی بهجای واژه مدیریت و با رهیافت نهادسازی جدید و با هدف تواناسازی جوامع روستایی در نظر گرفته میشود. لذا، اصول و رهیافت، معماری برنامهریزی با رهیافت اجتماعی و طرح های مشارکت روستاییان بروز و افزایش یافته است و این موارد با افزایش نقش حکمروایی در مقابل اقدامات و مداخلات مستقیم دولت همراه شده است. مقاله حاضر با هدف تحلیل عملکرد شورای حل اختلاف در تعالی مدیریت توسعه روستایی روستاهای شهرستان شبستر انجام گرفته است. روش تحقیق توصیفی-تحلیلی و پیمایشی و ابزار گردآوری اطلاعات نیز پرسشنامه بوده است. جامعه آماری تحقیق 16 روستای دارای شورای حل اختلاف بخش مرکزی شهرستان شبستر میباشد که از بین آنها230 نفر از سرپرست های خانوار از طریق روش نمونه گیری کوکران انتخاب شده اند. در این پژوهش از تعداد 9 شاخص و 58 گویه بهعنوان مؤلفههای حکمروایی خوب برای تحلیل عملکرد شورای حل اختلاف استفاده شده است. برای تحلیل داده ها از آزمون T تک متغیره و تحلیل واریانس استفاده شده است. بر اساس نتایج بهدست آمده از تحلیلها، می توان گفت شورای حل اختلاف تا حدودی توانسته مدیریت توسعه روستایی شهرستان شبستر را تعالی بخشد.<br /> https://journal.iag.ir/article_56047_7b35e4e59bf13e3cccca2e73d772ce1a.pdfانجمن ژئوپلیتیک ایرانفصلنامه بین المللی ژئوپلیتیک1735-433192920130321Citadel and Wilderness Dwellers of Information Civilization (Explanation of Territories Gap)کهندژنشینان و بیابان نشینان تمدن اطلاعاتی؛ روشنگریِ گسست بوم ها18521356048FAمجتبی صادقی- دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهدروح اله اسدی- دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهدجعفر جوان- استاد جغرافیا، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهدJournal Article20110618Introduction <br />In the era of civilization of information, citadel dwelling of some territories and wilderness dwelling of some others is a new phenomenon that this paper is trying to clearly explain its whys and where forces. Thus, this study has been carried out with a comparative study and with an empirical approach. Findings show that inequality (gap) of territories is related to their benefits of democracy (Democracy gap) .Territories inequalities in benefiting from democracy lead to inequality in information and communication technology (technology gap). Technology gap leads extensive technology owner territories to enter space of flows and territory. Also, it leads to limit territories that have less and limited place spaces. Its spatial appearance is the development of space of flows and underdevelopment of territories of place spaces (gap of development). It's necessary to say that development and underdevelopment of a Territory can respectively lead to democracy or destruction. Territories’ inequalities have roots in democracy gaps more than having roots in technology gaps because democracy is as a splitting factor of territory- places and territory- spaces. In other words, the gap place of territory in information civilization is democracy because democracy paves the way for accepting multi- acceptance of information civilization in territories. <br /> <br />Methodology <br />In this way this study has done with a comparative study over based and causal - empirical approach. <br /> <br />Results and discussion <br />“development “defines as “a process of enlarging people’s choices”, “democracy” defines as “power of people’s choices”, communication and information technology is a tool to exit of “space of places” –the space with limited Alternatives- and access to “space of flows”-the space with unlimited Alternatives. Obviously, we see that a correlation among concepts of “development “,“democracy”,” communication and information technology “ and “space of flows”. Conceptual correlation between these concepts, indicates that “power of people’s choices” is important because Inequality among Territory about “power of choice” makes Inequality among Territory about ”access to communication and information technology” and “development “.Inequality among Territory before having root in technological gap, have root in democracy gap, since democracy is a distinction between places and spaces in Territories. In other words breaking point among Territories in information civilization is democracy; since democracy leads to accepting multiple vulnerabilities of information civilization on Territories. <br /> <br />Conclusion <br />Findings suggest that inequality (gap) of Territory is related to their benefits of democracy. (Democracy gap) inequalities of Territory of democracy lead to inequality of information and communication technology (Democracy technology). Technology gap leads to entering of the Territory with broad technology to the flows space and Territory with less and limit technology and dominant to them in fact it limits the Territories with limit technology. The spatial appearance of that is development of space in Territory and underdevelopment of places (gap of development). It's necessary to say that development and underdevelopment of a Territory can respectively lead to democracy or to ruin it. <br /> <br /> در عصر تمدن اطلاعاتی، کهندژنشینیِ (در فضای جریانها بودن) برخی بومها و بیاباننشینیِ (در فضای مکانها بودن) برخی دیگر، پدیدهای است نوین، که این نوشتار بسان یک «گسست» با آن روبهرو است و تلاش دارد تا چرایی و چگونگی پیدایش آن را به روشنی تبیین نماید. در همین راستا این پژوهش با روشی تطبیقی ـ گذشتهنگر و با رویکردی تجربی ـ علّی انجام گرفته است. یافتهها نشان میدهد که نابرابری (گسست) بومها، مسبوق به میزان برخورداری آنها از دموکراسی است (گسست دموکراسی). نابرابری بومهای مختلف در برخورداری از دموکراسی، موجب نابرابری آنها در برخورداری از فنآوری ارتباطات و اطلاعات گردیده است (گسست فناوری). گسست فنآوری، خود، زمینه ساز ورود ِبوم های دارای فن آوری گسترده، به فضای جریانها (کهندژهای تمدن اطلاعاتی)، و محبوسشدن بوم های دارای فن آوری کران مند(محدود)، در فضای مکانها(بیابان های تمدن اطلاعاتی) گردیده است (گسست فضایی)، که نمودِ عینیِ مکانی ـ فضایی(جغرافیایی) آن، توسعه یافتگی بوم های فضای جریان ها و توسعه نیافتگی بوم های فضای مکان ها می باشد (گسست توسعه ای). ناگفته نماند که خودِ توسعه یافتگی و توسعه نیافتگی یک بوم نیز به ترتیب زمینه-ساز و زمینه سوز برپایی دموکراسی است. بیش و پیش از آنکه نابرابری میان بوم ها ریشه در «گسست فن-آوری » داشته باشد، ریشه در «گسست دموکراسی» دارد چرا که دموکراسی وجه افتراق بوم -مکان ها و بوم ـ فضاها است. بهعبارت دیگر، «گسست گاه» بوم ها در تمدن اطلاعاتی، دموکراسی است. زیرا که دموکراسی، زمینه سازِ پذیرشِ «چندگانگی پذیری» تمدن اطلاعاتی در بوم هاست.<br /> https://journal.iag.ir/article_56048_786c1dce84432b5fe548189ec8323c23.pdf