A New Approach to the Theory of Seapower in the 21st Century (In Times of War and Peace)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 Assistant Professor in Political Geography, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Asian Cultural Documentation Center, The Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies, Tehran, Iran

چکیده

The environment of seas has undergone geopolitical changes in recent decades, which has had a profound impact upon the nature of seapower. The aim of the current research is to expound on the new nature of seapower in the 21st century. It also takes an approach that is not limited to wartime and, given the postmodern era, encompasses peace and international rivalry, especially global trade. First, the concept of classic seapower is discussed in this paper and then using the meta-analysis method, the concept of seapower in the present century is discussed by adopting a new approach. Research findings indicate that the new nature of seapower is based on the military and non-military dimensions of seapower, the relative nature of seapower, the various roles of naval forces, the new naval threats, the diverse functions of the sea environment, the context of the international order, the strategic link between seapower and land power, air and space powers, and the humanitarian operations in the sea environment. In the early years of the 21st century, these considerations have persuaded states out of taking a purely national approach to seapower and sea policy-making, but to accept multilateral interactions and cooperation by taking a transnational approach.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

A New Approach to the Theory of Seapower in the 21st Century (In Times of War and Peace)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Reza Allahverdizadeh 1
  • Mahdi Karimi 2
1 Assistant Professor in Political Geography, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Asian Cultural Documentation Center, The Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

The environment of seas has undergone geopolitical changes in recent decades, which has had a profound impact upon the nature of seapower. The aim of the current research is to expound on the new nature of seapower in the 21st century. It also takes an approach that is not limited to wartime and, given the postmodern era, encompasses peace and international rivalry, especially global trade. First, the concept of classic seapower is discussed in this paper and then using the meta-analysis method, the concept of seapower in the present century is discussed by adopting a new approach. Research findings indicate that the new nature of seapower is based on the military and non-military dimensions of seapower, the relative nature of seapower, the various roles of naval forces, the new naval threats, the diverse functions of the sea environment, the context of the international order, the strategic link between seapower and land power, air and space powers, and the humanitarian operations in the sea environment. In the early years of the 21st century, these considerations have persuaded states out of taking a purely national approach to seapower and sea policy-making, but to accept multilateral interactions and cooperation by taking a transnational approach.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Seapower
  • Peace
  • War
  • New Geopolitics of the Seas

مراجع

  1. A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower. (2015). Retrieved from https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=479900 (Last access 14/10/2021).
  2. Allahverdizadeh, R. (2019). Explaining The Role of Geographic and Territorial Factors in Sea Power of the States, Geopolitics Quarterly, Vol 15, No 55, pp 122-155. [In Persian]
  3. Allahverdizadeh, R; Hafeznia, M.R; Pourtaheri, M. (2017). Developing a Global Index for Maritime Location of Countries. Geopolitics Quarterly, Vol 13, No 47, pp 25-54. [In Persian]
  4. Angstrom, J; Widen, J. J. (2015). Contemporary Military Theory: The dynamics of war. New York, Routledge Publication.
  5. Assadi, B. (2002). Persian Gulf Issues. Tehran, SAMT Publication. [In Persian]
  6. Booth, K. (1977). Navies and Foreign Policy. New York, Routledge Publica- tion.
  7. Bradford, J. C. (2016). America, Sea Power, and the World. Chichester, Wiley-Blackwell Publication.
  8. British Ministry of Defence. (2017a). British Maritime Doctrine: JDP 0-10. Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/ system/uploads/attachment_data/file/649518/archive_doctrine_uk_maritime_jdp_0_10.pdf (Last access 29/5/2021).
  9. British Ministry of Defence. (2017b). UK Maritime power: JDP 0-10. (Fifth edition). Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/ uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/662000/doctrine_uk_maritime_power_jdp_0_10.pdf (Last access 29/5/2021).
  10. Bull, H. (1976). Sea power and political influence. The Adelphi Papers, Vol 16, No 122, pp 1-9, DOI: 10.1080/05679327608457271.
  11. Cable, J. (1985). Diplomacy at Sea. London, Macmillan Press LTD.
  12. Corbett, J. S. (1911). Some Principles of Maritime Strategy. London, Longman- Green and Co.
  13. Gartzke, E; Lindsay, J. R. (2020). The Influence of Sea Power on Politics: Domain- and Platform-Specific Attributes of Material Capabilities. Security Studies, Vol 29, No 4, pp 601-636, DOI: 10.1080/09636412.2020.1811450.
  14. Germond, B. (2014). Small Navies in Perspective: Deconstructing the Hierarchy of Naval Forces. In Mulqueen, M. Sanders, D. and Speller, I. (Eds.). Small Navies: Strategy and Policy for Small Navies in War and Peace (pp 33-50). Farnham, Ashgate Publishing limited.
  15. Germond, B. (2015). The Maritime Dimension of European Security: Seapower and the European Union. London, Palgrave Macmillan Publication.
  16. Germond, B. (2020). Seapower and small navies: A post-modern outlook. In McCabe, R. Sanders, D and Speller, I. (Eds.). Europe, Small Navies and Maritime Security: Balancing Traditional Roles and Emergent Threats in the 21st Century (pp 26-35). New York, Routledge Publication.
  17. Gorshkov, S. G. (1979). Sea power of the state. London, Pergamon press (first published in Russia, 1976).
  18. Gray, C. S. (1990). Geography and Grand Strategy. In Hattendorf, J. B. Murfett, M. H. (Eds.). Limitations of military power: essays presented to Professor Norman Gibbs on his eightieth birthday (pp 111-137). New York, Palgrave Macmillan Publication.
  19. Gray, C. S. (1992). The Leverage of Sea Power: The Strategic Advantage of Navies in War. New York, The Free Press.
  20. Gray, C. S. (1994). The Navy in the Post-Cold War World. Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State University Press.
  21. Gray, C. S. (1999). Modern Strategy. New York, Oxford University Press.
  22. Gray, C. S. (2001). Sea power in modern strategy. In Stevens, D. Reeve, J. (Eds.). Southern Trident: Strategy, History and the Rise of Australian Naval Power (pp 24-39), Crows Nest. Allen & Unwin Publication.
  23. Grove, E. (1990). The Future of Sea Power. London, Routledge Publication.
  24. Grygiel, J. J. (2006). Great powers and geopolitical change. Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press.
  25. Hattendorf, J. B. (1989). Recent Thinking on the Theory of Naval Strategy. In Hattendorf, J. B. Jordan, R. S. (Eds.). Maritime Strategy and the Balance of Power: Britain and America in the Twentieth Century (pp 136-161). New York, Palgrave Macmillan Publication.
  26. Hill, J. R. (1986). Maritime Strategy for Medium Powers. Annapolis, Naval Institute Press.
  27. Hszieh, S; Galdorisi, G; McKearney, T; Sutton, D. (2014). Networking the Global Maritime Partnership (Sea Power Series, No. 2). Canberra, Department of Defence, Royal Australian Navy (Sea Power Centre).
  28. International Maritime Organization (IMO). (2012). International Shipping Facts and Figures – Information Resources on Trade, Safety, Security, Environment. Maritime Knowledge Centre.
  29. Kearsley, H. J. (1990). A theory on maritime power for the not-aligned not-nuclear naval powers: with Sweden and Ireland as case studies. Ph. D Thesis. Aberdeen, University of Aberdeen.
  30. Lambert, A. (2018). Seapower States: Maritime Culture, Continental Empires and the Conflict That Made the Modern. New Haven and London, Yale University Press.
  31. Mahan, A. T. (1898). The Influence of Sea Power upon History 1660-1783. Boston, Dover Publications.
  32. McLaughlin, R. (2009). United Nations naval peace operations in the territorial sea. Leiden, Martinus Nijhoff Publication.
  33. McNicholas, M. A. (2008). Maritime Security: An Introduction. Oxford, Butterworth–Heinemann Publications (Elsevier Inc).
  34. McNicholas, M. A. (2016). Maritime Security: An Introduction (Second Edition). Oxford, Butterworth–Heinemann Publications (Elsevier Inc).
  35. Modelski, G; Thompson, W. R. (1988). Seapower in Global Politics, 1494-1993. London, Macmillan Press LTD.
  36. Richmond, H. W. (1947). Statesmen and Sea Power, Oxford. Clarendon Press.
  37. Royal Australian Navy. (2010). Australian Maritime Doctrine: RAN Doctrine 1. (Second edition). Retrieved from https://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/ documents/Amd2010.pdf (Last access 30/5/2021).
  38. Sanders, D. (2014). Maritime Power in the Black Sea. London, Ashgate Publishing company.
  39. Sekine, D. (2011). Seapower and Japan's maritime coalition building. PhD thesis. Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security (ANCORS), University of Wollongong.
  40. Speller, I. (2005). The Royal Navy and Maritime Power in the Twentieth Century. New York, Taylor & Francis e-Library Publication.
  41. Speller, I. (2019). Understanding Naval Warfare (Second edition). New York, Routledge Publication.
  42. Stevens, W. O; Westcott, A. (1920). A history of sea power. New York, George H. Doran Company Publication.
  43. Stubbs, B. B; Truver. S. C. (2011). ‘Towards a new understanding of maritime power’. in Tan, A. T. H. (Ed.). The Politics of Maritime Power: A Survey (pp 3-28). London, Routledge Publication.
  44. Tangredi, S. J. (2002). Globalization and Sea Power: Overview and Context. Tangredi, S. J. (Ed.). Globalization and Maritime Power. Washington, D.C, Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defence University.
  45. Till, G. (1984). Maritime Strategy and the Nuclear Age. London and Basingstoke, Macmillan Press LTD.
  46. Till, G. (1994). Maritime strategy and the twenty‐first century. Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol 17, No 1, pp 176-199, DOI: 10.1080/014023994084 37545
  47. Till, G. (2007). New Directions in Maritime Strategy? Implications for the U.S. Navy. Naval War College Review, Vol. 60, No. 4, pp. 29-43.
  48. Till, G. (2009). Seapower: A Guide for the Twenty-first Century (second edition). London and New York, Routledge Publication.
  49. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD, 2020). Review of Maritime Transport. New York, United Nations Publication.
  50. United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. (10 December 1982). United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Retrieved from https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_ agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf (Last access 29/5/2021).
فصلنامه بین المللی ژئوپلیتیک
دوره 18، شماره 68
دی 1401
صفحه 383-411

فایل ها

ارجاعات به این مقاله

سابقه مقاله

  • تاریخ دریافت: 31 مرداد 1400
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 28 مهر 1400
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 18 آذر 1400

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار