فصلنامه بین المللی ژئوپلیتیک

فصلنامه بین المللی ژئوپلیتیک

The Water War between Kedah- Penang in Malaysia: The Relation in the Management of Sungai Muda Raw Water, 1965–1985

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
Mohd Firdaus Abdullah 1
Arba'iyah Mohd Noor 2
Tan Chee Seng 3
Wan Khairuddin Wan Ibrahim 4
1 Centre for Research in History, Politics & International Affairs (SPHEA), Faculty of Social Sciences & Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia..
2 Department of History, Faculty of the Arts and Social Sciences, Universiti Malaya, Malaysia
3 History Section, School of Humanities, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia.
4 Independent researcher, Lot 830 A, Kampung Cherang Hangus, Bekelam, 16070 Bachok, Kelantan.
10.22034/igq.2024.180173
چکیده
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the degree to which the mentality and behaviour of the Kedah and Penang state administrations from 1965 to 1985 were impacted by the drawing of raw water from Sungai Muda, as a significant strategic factor. This article's goal is to explore the interactions between the two governments over raw water that they acquire from Sungai Muda. Additionally, it will assess the effects of Kedah's decision to permit Penang to use Sungai Muda's raw water. Based on previous studies, it was found that despite the issue's relevance and obvious connection to the current water supply dispute between the two states, researchers did not pay much attention to the management of raw water obtained from Sungai Muda by Kedah and Penang.  Since it addresses issues that will still come up between the two states in light of the present water supply crisis, this study is relevant and important. The study used a qualitative methodology in addition to primary materials such as contract documents, archival records, and secondary sources such as books and articles. From the findings, it was observed that the use of raw water sources from Sungai Muda involves close engagement between the states of Kedah and Penang from 1965 to 1985. During this time, the state governments of Penang and Kedah played a crucial role in empowering the water supply sector in their respective states. The historical experience of Malaysia's water supply policy's consolidation in the twenty-first century adds a new dimension to the conversation about water issues in the country.
کلیدواژه‌ها
Kedah
Penang
Water Management
Sungai Muda
Water Development
موضوعات
  1. Abdullah, M. F (2021). “If You Can Control Water, You Can Control Everything”: Pembangunan Sumber Air Mentah Di Negeri Kedah, 1957-1992 (“If You Can Control Water, You Can Control Everything”: The Development Of Raw Water Resources in the State of Kedah, 1957-1992). Asian Journal of Environment, History and Heritage, 5(1), 1-24.
  2. Abdullah, M. F; Mohd Noor, A (2018). Kerjasama Kedah Dan Perlis Dalam Pembangunan Sistem Bekalan Air Domestik Di Negeri Perlis, 1968-1978 (The Collaboration Between Kedah and Perlis in the Development of Domestic Water Supply System in Perlis, 1969-1978). JEBAT: Malaysian Journal of History, Politics & Strategic Studies, 45(1), 56-78.
  3. Abdullah, M. F; Mohd Noor, A (2020). Pembangunan Bekalan Air Domestik di Negeri Kedah, 1957-1992 (The Development of Domestic Water Supply in Kedah, 1957–1992). Kajian Malaysia: Journal of Malaysian Studies, 38(1), 89-113.
  4. Abdullah, M. F; and et al. (2022). Perjanjian Bekalan Air Kedah dan Perlis 1969-1994. In Khaw, N. R & Abd Aziz, M. K. N & Zainun, N. (Ed.). Sorotan Sejarah Perlis, Perkembangan Kebudayaan dan Sosioekonomi, Perlis (pp. 279-300). Perlis: UNIMAP Publication.
  5. Abdullah, M. F; Zakarya, Z (2022). Politik Air di Negeri Perlis dalam Pilihan Raya Umum (PRU) ke-14. SEJARAH: Journal of the Department of History, 31(1) (June), 140-162.
  6. Ahmad, S (1957). Kedah-Siam Relations, 1821-1905. Journal Malayan Branch Royal Asiatic Society, 30(pt 3), 9-10.
  7. Akta 325, Akta Kedah dan Pulau Pinang (Pengubahan Sempadan) 1985 (Act 325, Kedah and Penang (Alteration of Boundary) 1985).
  8. Chakraborty, R; Serageldin, I (2004). Sharing of River Waters among India and its Neighbors in the 21st century: War or Peace? “The wars of the next century will be about water.” Water Internasional, 29(2), 201-208.
  9. City Council of Georgetown. (1966). Penang past and present 1786-1963: a historical account of the city of Georgetown since 1786. Georgetown: City Council of Georgetown.
  10. Federation of Malaya, Annual Report of the Public Works Department for the Year 1966.
  11. Gullick, J. M (1983). Kedah 1821-1855: years of exile and return. Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 56(2) (245), 31-86.
  12. Hill, R. D (2012). Rice in Malaya, A Study In Historical Geography. Singapore: NUS Press Singapore.
  13. Hussin, F (2009). Impak Pelaburan Dan Perbelanjaan Kerajaan Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi: Kajian Kes Negeri-Negeri Di Malaysia 1980-2005 (The Impact of Government Investment and Spending on Growth Economics: A Case Study of States in Malaysia 1980-2005). Doctoral Dissertation, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM).
  14. Ikhsan, M. H (2021). Pulau Pinang masih milik Kedah? Berita Harian. Retrieved from https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2021/09/868173/ pulau-pinang-masih-milik-kedah.
  15. Ismail, A. H (1972). Production functions for samples of rice farms in West Malaysia. Akademika: Journal of Southeast Asia Social Sciences and Humanities, 1, 1-14.
  16. Kamran Dastjerdi, H; Hosseini Nasrabady, N. (2020). Role of Malacca strait with a geopolitical and strategic approach. Geopolitics Quarterly, 16(60), 264-287.
  17. Kavianirad, M; and et al. (2022). Water Diplomacy Role in Easing Iran-Iraq Hydropolitical Tensions. Geopolitics Quarterly, 18(68), 71-93.
  18. Lee Y. C (1978). “Perbekalan Air Pulau Pinang yang bertambah baik secara berterusan” (历年不断改进的槟州水供). In Liu Wenqu, Majalah Cederamata Jubli Intan Dewan Perniagaan China Pulau Pinang 1903-1978. Pulau Pinang, Penang Chinese Chamber of Commerce, 304-310.
  19. Malaysia, Mid-Term Review of the Fourth Malaysia Plan 1981-1985.
  20. Media Statement by Dato' Ir. Jaseni Maidinsa, Chief Executive Officer, PBA Holdings Bhd (PBAHB) and Perbadanan Air Bekalan Air Pulau Pinang Sdn Bhd (PBAPP): Sungai Muda, There Is No Basis For Kedah To Demand Raw Water Charges From Penang.
  21. Media Statement from the Office of the Deputy Chief Minister of Kedah Darul Aman Responding to the Statement Penang Water Supply Corporation (PBAPP) Dated August 23, 2021 Titled ‘Proposed Kulim Airport Project Should Not Affect Water Supply In Penang’.
  22. Mianabadi, H; Amini, A (2019). Complexity of water, politics, and environment in the Euphrates and Tigris river basins. Geopolitics Quarterly, 15(54), 54-86.
  23. Mianabadi, H; Ghoreishi, S. Z (2022). Realism and Liberalism Paradigms in Hydro-political Interactions. Geopolitics Quarterly, 18(65), 150-186
  24. Nobahar, E; Kabiri Renani, M (2020). An Exploration of the Issues on Hirmand River: A Game Theory Approach. Geopolitics Quarterly, 16(57), 183-207.
  25. Omar, A (1990). Perhubungan dan Penyertaan Rakyat Dalam Program dan Projek Pertanian Kedah (Communication and People's Participation in Kedah Agricultural Programs and Projects). Lembaga Kemajuan Wilayah Kedah (KEDA).
  26. Ooi, K. G (2019). A Story of George Town Pulau Pinang Malaysia c. 1780s to c. 2000s. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
  27. Peña-Ramos, J. A; Bagus, P; Fursova, D (2021). Water conflicts in central Asia: Some recommendations on the non-conflictual use of water. Sustainability, 13(6), 3479.
  28. PKR (N2TM) W 37/121 Vol 8, Bekalan Air Sg. Muda Pulau Pinang (Draf 4) (Water Supply Sg. Penang Youth (Draft 4)).
  29. PKR (N2TM) W 37/121 Vol 8 (381) Surat Perjanjian Pinjaman Bertarikh 23hb Disember 1971 Sebanyak $5juta Bagi Rancangan Bekalan Ayer Sungai Muda, Pulau Pinang (Loan Agreement Letter Dated 23rd December 1971 Amounting to $5 million for Ayer Sungai Muda Supply Plan, Penang).
  30. PKR (N2TM) W 37/121 Vol 8 (413) Pinjaman BPA No. 4 MAL Projek Bekalan Air Pulau Pinang – Perjanjian Tripartite (BPA Loan No. 4 MAL Island Water Supply Project Pinang – Tripartite Agreement).
  31. PKR (N2TM) W 37/121 Vol 8 (432) Pinjaman No.4 Mal Dari Pembangunan Asia (Perjanjian Tripartite) (Loan No.4 Mal from Development Asia (Tripartite Agreement).
  32. Portal Rasmi Lembaga Muzium Negeri Kedah Darul Aman. (2019). Monum- en. Lembaga Muzium Negeri Kedah Darul Aman. Retrieved from https: //www.muziumkedah.gov.my/index.php/muzium/monumen/2-uncate
  33. Press Statement by YAB Tuan Lim Guan Eng Chief Minister of Penang and Chairman, Perbadanan Air Bekalan Air Pulau Pinang Sdn Bhd and PBA Holdings Bhd in Komtar, George Town on May 21, 2015.
  34. Said, M. I (2019). Industrialisation and Poverty in Penang. In Singh, C., Rasiah, R., & Wong Y. T. (Ed.). From free port to modern economy: economic development and social change in Penang, 1969 to 1990 (pp. 149-198). Penang & Singapore: Penang Institute & ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute.
  35. Sungai-Sungai di Negeri Kedah, Pengarah Jabatan Pengairan Dan Saliran, Negeri Kedah Darul Aman.
  36. Wan Ibrahim, W. K (2022). Perkembangan Bekalan Air di Pulau Pinang, 1975-1990 (The Development of Water Supply in Penang, 1975-1990). Degree Dissertation, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM).
  37. Wan Mansor, W. M. N. H (2020). PBAPP Sila Bayar RM50 Juta Setahun Sebelum Komen: MB Kedah. Sinar Harian. Retrieved from https://www.ncom.my/article/114074/EDISI/PBAPP-sila-bayar-RM50-juta-setahun-sebelum-komen-MB-Kedah.
  38. Wan Mansor, W. M. N. H (2021). Kedah Beri Peringatan Akhir Kepada Pulau Pinang. Sinar Harian. Retrieved from https://www.sinarharian.com.my/article/ 137112/EDISI/Kedah-beri-peringatan-akhir-kepada-Pulau-Pinang
  39. Yusoff, A. R; Khalid, M (1970). Laporan Bekalan Air Alor Setar Peringkat III (Alor Setar Water Supply Report Stage III). JKR Kedah.
فصلنامه بین المللی ژئوپلیتیک
دوره 20، شماره 2
تابستان 1403
صفحه 151-170

  • تاریخ دریافت 12 آذر 1401
  • تاریخ بازنگری 28 خرداد 1402
  • تاریخ پذیرش 03 مهر 1402