The Disruptive Effects of ISIS on International Trade in Iraq and Syria: An Analysis of Economic and Political Consequences

Abdullah, Raed Kareem; Daud, Sity; Abadi, Abdul Muein; Althabhawi, Nabeel Mahdi; Khadim, Muna Mohammed

doi:10.22034/igq.2024.472179.1929

The Disruptive Effects of ISIS on International Trade in Iraq and Syria: An Analysis of Economic and Political Consequences

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

Raed Kareem Abdullah ¹

Sity Daud ²

Abdul Muein Abadi ³

Nabeel Mahdi Althabhawi ⁴

Muna Mohammed Khadim ⁵

¹ Thi-Qar Governorate, Iraq.

² Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia

³ Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia.

⁴ Faculty of Law, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Malaysia.

⁵ Faculty of Law, Al-Mustaqbal University, Iraq.

10.22034/igq.2024.472179.1929

چکیده

The rise of ISIS has profoundly impacted the economies of Iraq and Syria. This research paper examines the severe repercussions on international trade within these nations. By analyzing the economic and political ramifications of ISIS’s presence, the study aims to reveal how ISIS disrupts the movement of goods and services across Iraq and Syria. A key focus is the disruption of supply chains. ISIS’s presence has caused significant interruptions in production and distribution networks, leading to delays, increased costs, and inefficiencies in trade operations. Additionally, the instability has deterred domestic and foreign investments, resulting in financial losses and economic decline. The paper also addresses the decline in foreign trade. Fear and uncertainty from ISIS’s activities have reduced trade volumes, affecting essential goods and services. Furthermore, ISIS’s control of oil-rich regions has reduced output and led to illegal trade practices, complicating the economic landscape.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Islamic State (ISIS)

International Trade

Iraq

Syria

موضوعات

ژئوپلیتیک

Al-amiri, Haider Zayer; Hassan, Hawra Salah. (2023). „Regional and International Conflicts and their Impact on the Escalation of Extremist Organizations’ Threats in the Middle East after 2014: Coping and Treatment Mechanisms (ISIS as a Model). Migration Letters 4: 580–88.
Al-Baghdadi, Abu Bakr. (2016). Audio Message by Abu Bakr al- Baghdadi: This Is What Allah and His Messenger Had Promised Us, jihadology.
Alishahi, A.R; Tajik, H; Forozan, Y. (2017). The Reasons of the Presence of ISIS in Afghanistan Based on William Bullitt Domino Theory“. Geopolitics Quarterly, 13 (45): 173–95. https://journal.iag.ir/article_ 55700. Html.
Althabhawi, Nabeel Mahdi; Zainol, Zinatul A. (2014). „The patent legal system in Iraq: The path to efficiency of its statutes. World Patent Information 36: 32–35. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wpi.2013. 10.002.
Bandyopadhyay, Subhayu; Sandler, Todd; Younas, Javed. (2018). Trade and terrorism: A disaggregated approach. Journal of Peace Research 55 (5): 656–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343318763009.
Catalano, Thomas J. (2024). International (Global) Trade: Definition, Benefits, and Criticisms CURRENT ARTICLE“. Investopedia, 2024.
o.J.InternationalTrade.https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/economics/international-trade/January 28, 2024.
Dara, Jalil; Khaki, Mohsen. (2017). Analysis of ISIS geopolitical actions based on the Wallerstein-Taylor conceptual model“. Geopolitics Quarterly 14 (3): 190–219.
Haji Yousefi, Mohammad Amir; Zakeri, Mahdokht. (2024). SIS in Iraq as Case Study). Geopolitics Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.22034/igq.2024. 398275.1776.
Hampton, Sarah; Parker, John. (2020). „Integrating Literature Reviews in Qualitative Research: A Systematic Approach“. Journal of Research Practice 15 (1): 45–60.
Ianchovichina, Elena; Ivanic, Maros. (2016). „Economic Effects of the Syrian War and the Spread of the Islamic State on the Levant“. John Wiley & Sons Ltd 39 (10): 1584–1627. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12400.
International Monetary Fund. (2015). „Iraqi Oil Sector Developments and Prospects after the Double Problem“.
Jasko, Katarzyna; Kruglanski, Arie W; Bin Hassan, Ahmad Saiful Rijal; Gunaratna, Rohan. (2021). „ISIS: Its History, Ideology, and Psychology“. Handbook of Contemporary Islam and Muslim Lives. https://doi.org/1007/978-3-030-32626-5_30.
Jenkins, Brian Michael. (2023). „The Ongoing Impact of Conflict on Energy Development in Syria“. Middle East Policy Council.
Kešeljević, Aleksandar; Spruk, Rok. (2024). „Estimating the effects of Syrian civil war“. Empirical Economics 66 (2): 671–703. https://doi.org/1007/s00181-023-02470-2.
Mahmud, S. F. (2020). „The Impact of Terrorism on Human development in Iraq“. Global Journal of Management & Economics gsjpublications. Com/gjmec 1 (2). https://doi.org/10.31185/ejuow.vol3.iss2.40.
Masood, Ur Rehman Khattak; Ali, Khan Ghumro; Amjad, Ali Abro. (2021). „Combating Islamic State in Iraq and Syria: Challenges and Recommendations“. Progressive Research Journal of Arts & Humanities (PRJAH) 3 (2): 104–16. https://doi.org/10.51872/prjah.vol3.iss2.171.
Michael J, Boyle. (2022) .Top 5 Ways Terrorism Impacts the Economy. Investopedia, https://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets/080216/top-5-ways-terrorism-impacts-economy.asp (6 Feb 2024).
Rached, Kardo; Bali, Ahmed Omar. (2019). „Post-ISIS Iraq and the Shia Armed Groups. Central European Journal of International and Security Studies 13 (1): 122–37. https://doi.org/10.51870/cejiss.a130105.
Seifan, Samir; Alhosain, Mahmood. (2021). The destruction of the energy sector in Syria during the war 2011-2020. Harmon Center for Contemporary Studies.
Shariati, Shahrooz; Vazirian, Amir Hossein. (2023). Counterterrorism in Middle Eastern Foreign Policy of Iran (1971-2021). Geopolitics Quarterly 19 (72): 246–67. https://doi.org/10.22034/igq.2023.160291.
Solomon, Erika; Kwong, Robin; Bernard, Steven. (2016). Inside Isis Inc: The Journey of a Barrel of Oil, ig.ft.com/sites/2015/isis- oil/. Financial Times.
Syrian Center for Policy Research. (2021). „The Energy Crisis in Syria: Reasons and Outcomes.https://scpr-syria.org/the-energy-crisis-in-syria-reasons-and-outcomes/.
Tichý, Lukáš. (2017). „Terrorist attacks on the energy sector: A strategic instrument of the Islamic State in the Middle East and North Africa“. Mediterranean Quarterly 28 (3): 68–92. https://doi.org/10.1215/10474552-4216421.
Tichý, Lukáš. (2019). The Islamic State oil and gas strategy in North Africa. Energy Strategy Reviews 24 (January):254–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr. 2019.04.001.
(2023). „Retrieved from https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki“. 2023.