Department of Islamic History and Civilization, Academy of Islamic Studies, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Abstract
While we want to assess whether a person is suitable to lead a country, usually we will think about an important keyword—the ability of governance. However, it is an irrational expectation if we are asking a national leader to be self-disciplined and accountable to the people and the country. On the other hand, the people always got the same question, why a lot of leaders performed better at first but they usually faced with negative comments or the trials at last, or even being imprisoned for a long time?
The major character in this article is Omar Al-Bashir, he is a former president of Sudan, he has been overthrown by the people’s force in 2019—a so-called successful “revolution” in Sudan. The overthrown of Omar Al-Bashir showed an example of unsuccessful governance in causing to this successful revolution. The article aims to show the governance weaknesses of Omar Al-Bashir in Sudan, and discuss how these weaknesses caused the revolution.
Abdelgadir Mohammed, A (2012). “Fences of silence systematic repression of freedom of the press, opinion and expression in Sudan”, 2005-2011 (source https://ipi.media/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Fences-of Silence-AbdelgadirMAbdelgadir-3.pdf)
Abdulkader, T (2006). “Liberal Islam between texts and its modern condition”, Shades of Islamism.
Arkell, A.J. (1961). “A history of the Sudan to 1821”, London: The Athlone Press,
Azza Mustafa, M. A (2014). “Islam and political parties in Sudan: The National Islamic Front”, Observatoire des enjeux politiques et securitaires dans la corne de l’afrique.
Berridge, W. J. (2017). “Hasan Al-Turabi Islamist politics and democracy in Sudan”, Cambridge University Press.
Brianna L. K; Robert, T (2018). “Deduction, induction and abduction”, The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Data Collection, Sage.
Einas. A (2015). “Militant Salafism in Sudan”, Islamic Africa, Volume 6 No 1-2.
Farazmand, A (2018). “Global encyclopedia of public administration, public policy and governance”, Switzerland: Springer,
Guy, A (2015). “Africa a modern history: 1945-2015”, London: Atlantic Books, 2015, Chapter 34.
Holt, P.M (1970). “A modern history of the Sudan: from the Funj Sultanate to the present day”, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51462613 (23rd December 2020)
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/oct/17/afghanistan.terrorism3 (15th December 2020)
John L. (2018). Esposito and Emad El-Din Shahin, “Key Islamic political thinkers”, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
John Obert, V; Fluehr-Lobban, C; Lobban, R (1992). “Historical dictionary of the Sudan”, Scarecrow Press.
Jones, M. J (2014). “Good governance in rural areas: challenges for social security”, India: Elixir International Journal Arts and Social Sciences 71.
La Verle, B (2015). “Sudan a country study”, US: Library of Congress.
Liv, T (2009). “Democratizing Islam and Islamizing democracy an inquiry into Hasan Al-Turabi’s conception of Shura in light of western democratic theory”, Nordic Journal of Human Rights, Volume 27 No 3.
Mahmood, M (2009). “Saviors and survivors Darfur, politics and the war on terror”, Cape Town: HSRC Press.
Marie, B (2017). “Islam in from the Cold a Muslim Brother’s reflections on the past, present and future of the Islamic movement in the Sudan”, Institute for National Sstrategic Security in National Defense University, Volume 6 No 4.
Martell, P (2018). “First raise a flag how South Sudan won the longest war but lost the peace”, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Martin, M (2014). “The fortunes of Africa A 5000-year history of wealth, greed and endeavour”, UK: Simon and Schuster.
O’Fahey, R.S.; Tubiana, J (2007). “Darfur Historical and contemporary aspects”, pp. 6-7
Phillip, M (2016). “Oil and Darfur’s blood: China’s thirst for Sudan’s oil”, Journal of Political Sciences and Public Affairs, Volume 4 Issue 1.
Richard, B (2011). “Darfur and the international community the challenges of conflict resolution in Sudan”, New York: I.B. Tauris.
Tsega, E (2019). “The origin of ethnic conflict in Africa politics and violence in Darfur, Oromia and the Tana Delta”, USA: Palgrave Macmillan.
Vymetal, P (2007). “Governance: defining the concept”, Faculty of International Relations working papers, University of Economics (Prague), October 2007.
Wan Ahmad Fauzi bin Wan Husain (2020). “Insights: the conceptual framework for building the world class good governance ethnics”, Journal of Governance and Integrity (JGI), Volume 4 Issue 1,23, November2020
Chun Leung,J. L. and Mohd Nor,M. R. (2021). Omar Al-Bashir: his Governance Crisis and the Outbreak of Revolution in Sudan. Geopolitics Quarterly, 17(Special Issue), 51-70.
MLA
Chun Leung,J. L. , and Mohd Nor,M. R. . "Omar Al-Bashir: his Governance Crisis and the Outbreak of Revolution in Sudan", Geopolitics Quarterly, 17, Special Issue, 2021, 51-70.
HARVARD
Chun Leung J. L., Mohd Nor M. R. (2021). 'Omar Al-Bashir: his Governance Crisis and the Outbreak of Revolution in Sudan', Geopolitics Quarterly, 17(Special Issue), pp. 51-70.
CHICAGO
J. L. Chun Leung and M. R. Mohd Nor, "Omar Al-Bashir: his Governance Crisis and the Outbreak of Revolution in Sudan," Geopolitics Quarterly, 17 Special Issue (2021): 51-70,
VANCOUVER
Chun Leung J. L., Mohd Nor M. R. Omar Al-Bashir: his Governance Crisis and the Outbreak of Revolution in Sudan. Geopolitics, 2021; 17(Special Issue): 51-70.
