نقد معرفت شناختی دیدگاه دانش/ قدرت در جغرافیای سیاسی و ژیوپلیتیک

واثق, محمود; محمدی, احد

نقد معرفت شناختی دیدگاه دانش/ قدرت در جغرافیای سیاسی و ژیوپلیتیک

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

¹ استادیار جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

² گروه جغرافیای سیاسی دانشگاه تهران

چکیده

نسبت دانش(جغرافیا) با ارزش(قدرت) یکی از بحثهای مهمّ فلسۀ علم میباشد، در این زمینه به عقیدۀ غالب فیلسوفان علوم اجتماعی، از دیدگاه منطقی، هیچگونه ارتباط تولیدی میان گزارههای مربوط به پدیدارهای عینی و حقیقی(هستها) با گزارهها و قضایای ارزشی و اعتباری(بایدها) وجود ندارد و واقعیّتها دربردارندۀ عناصر ارزشی نیستند و در ذات خود فارغ از تعلّقات افراد میباشند امّا در عین حال، دانش و عینیّت در محیط بیرونی و در عمل، نسبتی وثیق با ارزشها و تعلّقات دارند. در مقابل عدّهای از جمله اصحاب مکاتب انتقادی معتقدند که میان معرفت و ارزشهای انسان چنان آمیختگی و وابستگی وجود دارد که اساساً وجود دانشِ عینیِ فارغ از تعلّقات، ناممکن است. در این راستا کسانی همچون ویتفوگل و اُتوا جغرافیا و ژئوپلیتیک را مجموعهای از «دانش/ قدرت» و ایدئولوژی طبقۀ بورژوا و بلکه جغرافیا را تولیدِ قدرت میدانند. در این مقاله با آوردن گزارههای متعدّدی از جغرافیای انسانی و طبیعی نشان داده شد که هستیشناسی، معرفتشناسی و روششناسی علم جغرافیا فارغ از ارزشها میباشد امّا در مرحلۀ کاربرد، این علم میتواند در خدمت قدرتها و ایدئولوژیها قرار بگیرد. بنابراین، مدّعای اندیشمندان مکاتب انتقادی مبنی بر مسبوقیّت دانش به ارزشها ناشی از خلط میان «نظر و عمل» یا «معنا و کاربرد» است و ایشان با خلط میان «معنای دانش با کاربرد دانش» این دو امر را یکی انگاشته و از این رو معتقدند که دانش و معرفت در ذات خود با اهداف عملی و کاربردی آمیخته و اساساً دانشِ بیطرف و غیرمسبوق به اهداف و جهتگیریهایِ کاربردی و ارزشی وجود ندارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

20.1001.1.17354331.1398.15.55.7.2

عنوان مقاله [English]

Epistemological Criticism of the View of Power/ Knowledge in Political geography and Geopolitics

نویسندگان [English]

mahmood vasegh ¹
ahad mohamadi ²

¹ Assistant Prof., Faculty of Geography, university of Tehran

² Political Geography Department of University of tehran

چکیده [English]

The ratio of knowledge and value is one of the most important discussions in Philosophy of Science. In this regard, according to the opinion of most of philosophers social sciences, from a rational point of view, there is no productive relation between propositions related to objective and real phenomena with value and credit propositions and the realities do not contain elements of value and in their essence they are independent of the goals individual, but at the same time, knowledge and objectivity in the external environment and in practice, have a relationship with values and interests. In contrast, followers of critical school believe that a relationship is found between knowledge with interests human so that essentially the existence of objective knowledge is impossible regardless of interests. In this regard, those like Wittfogel and O’Tuathail considered geography and geopolitics as a collection of "knowledge/power" and the ideology of the bourgeois class as well as geography as power generation. In this paper, by presenting various propositions of human and physical geography we showed that ontology, epistemology and methodology of geography are value-free, but at the stage of practice and application, geography can serve the powers and ideologies. Therefore, the claim thinkers of critical schools based on considering knowledge prior to values and interests is due to the mix of "theory and practice" or "meaning and application". And they consider these two as one and therefore believe that knowledge is essentially interwoven with practical and applied goals, and There is no value-free knowledge.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

Knowledge
value
political geography

مراجع

References
1. Alizadeh, Abdolreza and others (2009). Sociology of Knowledge; A Study on the Relationship between Politics and Social Action and Human Knowledge, Third Edition, Qom, Research Institute of Higher Education and Universities [In Persian]
2. Bakhtiar Nasrabadi, Hassanali & others (2011), The Ratio of Critical Rationality to Social Ethics, Strategy Quarterly, No. 59, Year 20, pp. 139-166 [In Persian]
3. Braden, Kathleen & Shelley, Fred (2004). engaging geopolitics, translation by Farshchi A. and Rahnama, H. Tehran, high course war publications [In Persian]
4. Dodds, K (2011). Geopolitics: a very short introduction, translation by Zahra Pishgahifard and Mohammad Zohdi Goharpour, Tehran, Sohre and Green olive publications [In Persian]
5. Ezzati, Ezzatollah (2001). Geopolitics in the 21st Century, Tehran, Samt Publications [In Persian]
6. Ghyasvand, Mehdi and Talebzade, Hamid (2014). Knowledge, Value and Inside value in knowledge, Marifat-i Falsafi quarterly, No 12, Year 2, Successive Year 46, pp. 145-159 [In Persian]
7. Habermas, Jurgen (1968), Knowledge and Human Interests, Beacon press.
8. Hafeznia, M. (2007). Humanism geopolitics, Geopolitics Quarterly, Year 3, No. 3, pp.1-4 [In Persian]
9. Haghighat, S (2012). Methodology of Political Science, Third Edition, Qom, Mofid University Press [In Persian]
10. Karimipour, Yadollah (2015). Geography serves first and foremost to make Peace (A survey of Iran and its Neighbors Relations), by Hussein Khaledi and Parastou Movafagian, Second Edition, Tehran, Entekhab Publications [In Persian]
11. Khandan, Aliasgar (2014). Practical Logic, Tenth Edition, Tehran, Taha Cultural Institute [In Persian]
12. Lacoste, Yves (1988). Geography first served in war, translated by Abul-Hassan Sarvgad Mogadam, Mashhad, Astan Quds Razavi Publications [In Persian]
13. Mesbah, Mojtaba (2010). The impact of values on humanities, The Cultural and Social quarterly, Second Year, No. 1, pp. 103-122 [In Persian]
14. Mesbah-e Yazidi, Mohammad Taghi (2012). The Philosophy of morality, 6th Printing, Tehran, International Publishing Company [In Persian]
15. Mesbah-e Yazidi, Mohammad Taghi (2013). Teaching Philosophy, volume 1, 14th Printing, Tehran, International Publishing Company [In Persian]
16. Mirheidar, Doreh & Mirahmadi, Fatemeh Sadat (2017). Evolution of ideas in Political Geography (1897 to the late 1980s), University of tehran Press [In Persian]
17. Moradi, Eskandar and Afzali, Rasoul (2013), New Thoughts in Geopolitics; Post-modernism, Post-Structuralism and Discourse, with the Preface of Dore Mirheidar, Tehran, Green Olive Publications [In Persian]
18. Motahari, morteza (2014) collection of works (6); second volume of philosophy; principles of philosophy and method of realism, Seventh Edition, Tehran, Sadra Publications [In Persian]
19. Nabavi, Lotfollah (2010) The elements of logic and methodology, 2^nd edition, Tehran, University of tarbiat modares publications [In Persian]
20. Nahjul-Balagha (2008), Translated by Ali Shirvani, Third edition, Qom, Nasim Hayat publications [In Persian]
21. Popper, Karl R (2011) The open society and its enemies, translated by Ezzatollah foladvand, 3^nd edition, Tehran, kharazmi publications [Persian]
22. Quran-e karim
23. Rorty, Richard, (2014), Philosophy and Social Hope, Translated by Abdolhosein Azarang, Tehran, Ney Publications [In Persian]
24. Sadegi, Reza (2015). An Introduction to Contemporary Philosophy of science, Tehran, Samt Publications [In Persian]
25. Sadegi, Reza, (2013), Realism and Nihilism (A Critique of epistemic Foundations of Anti-Realism), Tehran, Institute of Culture and Islamic thought [In Persian]
26. Saei, ali (2013) Social science research method through critical reason approach, Tehran, Samt publications [In Persian]
27. Shakuie, Hussein (2006). New trends in the philosophy of Geography (Volume II); environmental philosophies and geographical schools, Third Edition, Tehran, Gitashenasi Geographical & Cartographic Institute press [In Persian]
28. Soroush, Abdolkarim (1978). Knowledge and Value, Second Edition, Tehran, Yaran Publications [In Persian]
29. Soroush, Abdolkarim (1994). Lessons in Social Philosophy (Method of Interpretation in the Social Sciences), Tehran, Ney publications [In Persian]
30. Soroush, Abdolkarim (2008), satanic ideology, 10th edition, Tehran, Serat Publications [In Persian]
31. Soroush, Abdolkarim, (2014). Tafarruj-e Sune, Ninth Edition, Tehran, Serat Publications [In Persian]
32. Thompson, John (1981), Critical Hermeneutic, Cambridge university press.
33. Toulmin, S (2015). Philosophy of Science, Translation by Mohammad Reza Shadro, Tehran, Science Publications [In Persian]
34. Van Death, Jan & Scarbrough, Elinor (1999), What is Value, Translation by Asghar Eftekhari, Ghabasat quarterly, Year 14, No. 13, pp. 110-125 [In Persian]
35. Weber, Max, (2011). A scientist and politician, translated by Ahmad Naqibzadeh, Tehran, Elm publications [In Persian]
36. Zarshenas, Shariar (2014). Why the ideology was created? Keyhan News Agency, 07.08.2014, available at: http://kayhan.ir/fa/news/25627 [In Persian]