شکل گیری و تکامل سازمان های منطقه ای؛ مورد مطالعه، سازمان همکاری های اقتصادی (اکو)

الهامی, امیرحسین; سجاد پور, کاظم

شکل گیری و تکامل سازمان های منطقه ای؛ مورد مطالعه، سازمان همکاری های اقتصادی (اکو)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

¹ دانش‌آموخته دکتری جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران.

² ستاد روابط بین الملل، دانشکده روابط بین الملل وزارت امور خارجه، تهران

چکیده

بر اساس پتانسیلهای بالای ژئوپلیتیکی و ظرفیتهای فراوان ارتباطی منطقه اکو، اعضا میتوانند همگرایی خود را با محوریت سازمان همکاریهای اقتصادی ارتقاء داده و نقش مهمی را برای این سازمان در توسعه ملی و گسترش صلح و امنیت منطقهای تعریف نمایند. بر اساس مطالعه عوامل مؤثر بر شکلگیری و تکامل سازمانهای منطقهای، خصوصاً اکو، به نظر میرسد، برایند نیروهای درون و برون منطقهای نتوانسته است در راستای تقویت همگرایی منطقهای اکو عمل کند، لیکن مرور وضعیت نیروهای همگرا و واگرا در سازمانهای منطقهای موفق بیانگر اهمیت نقش دیپلماسی چندجانبه و توانمندی نهادی سازمانهای مزبور در حلوفصل موانع همگرایی است. بر اساس تحلیلی کیفی یافتههای کتابخانهای و مصاحبه با خبرگان، متغیرهای تأثیرگذار بر همگرایی و واگرایی اعضای اکو که براساس یافتههای نظری تعریف و شاخصگذاری شده بودند مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفته است. نتایج تحقیق بیانگر این واقعیت است که نیل به خودآگاهی منطقهای و درک مشترک از ظرفیتهای و ارزشهای ژئوپلیتیکی در منطقه اکو به بلوغ نرسیده است. همچنین ساختار مناسبات و روابط بازیگران معرف فقدان درک مشترک منطقهای درباره ارزشهای مشترک است. بهرغم برخی موفقیتها در تکامل ساختار و سازمان و اسناد پایه، ضعف در نهادهای سیاسی داخلی اعضا، ضعف در ساختار سازمانی، خصوصاً درباره کارمندان و کارشناسان و نیز برخی ناکارآمدهای سازمانی، بهویژه در دبیرخانه موجب فقدان کارایی متناسب و ضعفهای ساختاری در اکو شده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Formation and Evolution of Regional Organizations: Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) (a case-study)

نویسندگان [English]

Amir Hossein Elhami ¹
Seyed Mohammd Kazem Sajjadpour ²

¹ Ph.D. of Political Geography, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran

² Full Professor of International Relation, Department of Diplomacy and International Organizations of School of International Relations, Tehran

چکیده [English]

Because of the many geopolitical potentials and communicational capabilities of ECO region, members could expand the convergency based on this organization which plays a key part in development of members and expandsion of peace and security. Due to studying the effective factors of Regional Organizations (ROs), particularly those of ECO, it seems that the resultant of internal and external regional forces fails to empower ECO members’ integration, but with a review of other successful ROs, it is revealed that they have a process mechanism which strengthens convergent forces and mitigates the divergent ones with institutionalized tools and active positive diplomacy. Based on qualitative analysis conducted on desk and in interview with geopolitical experts; this study seeks to answer the question: what are the effective factors of formation and evolution of ROs in general and those of ECO in particular? The results of the research indicate that creating a regional consciousness and a common understanding of capabilities and geopolitical values in ECO region has failed to reach maturity. The structure of competition between members represents the lack of regional common understanding on these values. Despite the progress, the evolution of structural and organizational development of ECO and its essential documents; the weakness of policy to create coordination in multilateral diplomacy, the weakness of domestic political institutions, the weakness of organizational structure, especially in staff and technical expertise, and eventually incompetency of organization and human resources, especially in the Secretariat, have caused many inefficiencies and structural weaknesses in ECO.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

Geopolitical region
Regional Integration (RI)
Regional Organizations (ROs)
ECO

مراجع

References
1. Bayne, Nicholas & Woolcock, Stephen (2017) The New Economic Diplomacy (Global Governance), London: Routledge Books, 4th Edition
2. Charter of the United Nations, Chapter VIII on Regional Arrangements, Article 52. Can be accessed at http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/
3. Claar, Simone and Noelke Andreas (2010), Deep Integration. In: D+C, 2010/03, 114-117.
4. Cohen Saul Bernard (2015). Geopolitics of the World System, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers; third Edition.
5. Damanpak-e- jami, Morteza (2010). Economic Diplomacy of the I.R. of Iran in Central Asia. Tehran: Institute for Political and International Studies (IPIS).
6. De Lombaerde, P. and Van Langenhove, L. (2007). Regional Integration, Poverty and Social Policy. Global Social Policy 7 (3): 377-383.
7. ECO Strategy,(2010).Available from http://ecosecretariat.org/
8. ECO Trade Agreement,(2010).Available from http://ecosecretariat.org/
9. ECO Vision 2015 (2010), Brief Introduction, Available from http://ecosecretariat.org/
10. ECO Vision 2015, (2010). Available from http://ecosecretariat.org/
11. ECO, Annual Economic Report 2008. http://ecosecretariat.org/
12. ECO, Fifteen Years of Cooperation and Development (2000-2015) - http://www.eco.int/
13. ECOTA Cooperation Council, (2008), “Report of the First Meeting of ECOTA Cooperation Council in Mersin”
14. Ghasemi, Farhad (2010) Geopolitical Model of Regional Security Case Study: The Middle East, Geopolitics, Volume:6 Issue:2, PP 57 -94.[In Persian]
15. Grösser, Stefan N. (2013) Co-Evolution of Standards in Innovation Systems: The Dynamics of Voluntary and Legal Building Codes, London, Springer Science & Business Media,
16. Hafeznia, Mohammad Reza & Kaviani-e Rad, Morad (2004). The New Approaches in Political Geography. Tehran: SAMT official publishers of text books., [In Persian]
17. Hafeznia, Mohammad Reza (2017): ‘Principles and Concept of Geopolitics', [In Persian] Mashhad: Papooli
18. hajiabadi, Morteza and Shokohi, Saeed (2019) Failure of Geopolitical and Geo-Cultural Commonalities to Integrate Iran and Central Asian Countries, Geopolitics, Volume:14 Issue:4, 2019, PP 149 -164, [In Persian]
19. Heritage foundation (2018) countries’ Index of Economic Freedom, https://www.heritage.org/
20. Higgins. B. H, Donald J. Savoie, (1998). Regional development theories and their application. New Brunswick: U.S.A.: Transaction Publishers.
21. Institute for Trade Studies & Research (ITSR). (2008). The Effects of Preferential Trade Arrangement among ECO Member Countries on Iran’s Foreign Trade promotion, [In Persian]
22. International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database, April 2018: Nominal GDP list of countries. Data for the year 2018 & http://www.eulerhermes.com
23. J. Grugel and W. Hout, Regionalism across the North-South Divide: State Strategies and Globalization in Theories of International Relations and the New Regionalism (London, Routledge Books, 1999), pp.14-28
24. Koolaee, E & Moaddab, M. (2009). ECO: Achievements & Prospects, University of Tehran Press.
25. Maggie X. Chen, (2005). Regional Economic Integration and Geographic Concentration of Multinational Firms, (Washington, George Washington University,).
26. Mojtahed-Zadeh, Pirouz, (2002), Joghrafiay-e Siasi va Siasat-e Joghrafiaei = Political Geography & Geopolitics, [In Persian] Tehran: SAMT official publishers of text books.
27. Nye, J. S. (1971) Peace in Parts: Integration and Conflict in Regional Organization (Boston: Little, Brown,).
28. Oman, C. (1994) Globalization and Regionalization; The Challenge for Developing Countries (Paris: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development).
29. Ravenhill, J. (2003). The new bilateralism in the Asia-Pacific. Third World Quarterly 24:299-317.
30. Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, (1989) Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition, 2^nd ed. (Glinview. IL: Scott, Foresman,).
31. Roumina, Ebrahim (2015) Geopolitical regions of Southwest Asia based on civilization variable, Geopolitics, Volume:10 Issue:4, 2015, P 55
32. Ruggie, John Gerard (1998). What Makes the World Hang Together? Neo-utilitarianism and the Social Constructivist Challenge, international organization. Vol. 52, No.4, pp. 91-119.
33. Sazmand Bahareh (2010). Regionalism and Common Identity in South-East Asia, [In Persian] (Tehran, Institute for Political and International Studies)
34. Shahabi, S. & Sheikhol Islami, M. (2008). Can we wait for ECO success? Politics, Vol. 37. No. 3
35. Shahabi, S. and Sheikhol Islami, M. (2010). ECO and Development of Iran. Foreign Affairs Journal, Vol. 30. No. 4
36. Shahryar, Fatemeh. (2010). Regional Integration in the ECO. M.A diss. Allame Tabatabaii University-ECO College of Insurance.
37. United Nations (2018) Human development Report, United Nations Development Programme.
38. World Trade Organization at http://www.wto.org/World Bank (2018) World Development Indicator, https://data.worldbank.org/country
39. Zarif, M. J, & Sajjadpour, S. M., Multilateral Diplomacy, Theory and Practice of Regional and International Organizations. Tehran: School of International Relations.