Sectarian Model of Power Distribution and Political Efficiency in Governmental Structure of Iraq and Lebanon

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

Assistant Professor, Center for Strategic Research, Tehran, Iran.

چکیده

As a result of to the colonial experience, there is very little overlap between geographical and identity boundaries in the Middle East countries. Most countries of the region like Iraq and Lebanon are a heterogeneous mix of different ethnicities, religions and races with a history of identical crises. This situation has led to the emergence and spread of sectarianism in society and the political structure of Middle Eastern countries. Hence, the political structure of Iraq and Lebanon has been consolidated based on the identical distribution of power in which each identity base assumes a share of power. An important issue is the inefficiency of the identity-based power distribution system. The key question, therefore, is: why is the political structure based on identical power distribution in Iraq and Lebanon inefficient? To answer this question, using a comparative method, the mechanism of power sharing referring formal documents and constitutions of the two countries, six indexes of political efficiency, and also the reasons of inefficiency has been analyzed.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Sectarian Model of Power Distribution and Political Efficiency in Governmental Structure of Iraq and Lebanon

نویسنده [English]

  • Rahim Baizidi
Assistant Professor, Center for Strategic Research, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

As a result of to the colonial experience, there is very little overlap between geographical and identity boundaries in the Middle East countries. Most countries of the region like Iraq and Lebanon are a heterogeneous mix of different ethnicities, religions and races with a history of identical crises. This situation has led to the emergence and spread of sectarianism in society and the political structure of Middle Eastern countries. Hence, the political structure of Iraq and Lebanon has been consolidated based on the identical distribution of power in which each identity base assumes a share of power. An important issue is the inefficiency of the identity-based power distribution system. The key question, therefore, is: why is the political structure based on identical power distribution in Iraq and Lebanon inefficient? To answer this question, using a comparative method, the mechanism of power sharing referring formal documents and constitutions of the two countries, six indexes of political efficiency, and also the reasons of inefficiency has been analyzed.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Sectarianism
  • Middle East
  • Iraq
  • Lebanon
  • Efficiency

مراجع

  1. Al Wekhian, J. (2015). Conflict Management Styles in the Workplace: A Study of First Generation Arab Muslim Immigrants in the United States. International Journal of Business and Management, 10(11), 24-42.
  2. Baizidi, R (2019). Paradoxical class: paradox of interest and political conservatism in middle class. Asian Journal of Political Science, Volume 27, 2019 - Issue 3, pp. 272-285. https://doi.org/10.1080/02185377.2019.1642772
  3. Butcher, D; Clarke, M. (2002). Organizational polotics: The cornerstone for organizational democracy, Organizational Dynamics, 31(1), 35-46.
  4. Dickson, D; Hargie, O. (2006). Sectarianism in the Northern Ireland workplace. International Journal of Conflict Management, 17(1), 45-65.
  5. El Khazen, F (2003) Political Parties in Postwar Lebanon: Parties in Search of Partisans, Middle East Journal. Vol. 57, No. 4 (autumn, 2003), pp. 605-624.
  6. Haji Naseri, S (2019). States, Culture and Identity Movement in Chaos Geopolitics, International Quarterly of Geopolitics, Volume 14, Issue 52, pp. 21-45.
  7. Human Rights Council (2006). Implementation of General Assembly Resolution 60/251 of 15 March 2006 Entitled " Human Rights Council", Third session A/HRC/3/2.
  8. Iraq's Constitution of 2005.
  9. Islami, M; Shamsabadi, A (2018). The Causes behind appointment of Kurdistan Regions Separation Referendum, Geopolitics Quarterly, Volume 14, Issue 51, PP. 63-94. [In Persian]
  10. Jacoby, T; Neggaz, N. (2018). Sectarianism in Iraq: the role of the coalition provisional authority. Critical Studies on Terrorism, Volume 11, 2018 - Issue 3. Pp. 478-500.
  11. Joukar, M; Sazmand, B (2020). The Role of Regional Powers in Shaping the Middle East Security Order (2003 To 2011), Geopolitics Quarterly, Volume 16, Issue 59, pp. 148-171. [In Persian]
  12. Kazemi, H (2017). Identity Uprisings, Fragile States and Geopolitical Crises in the Middle East, Geopolitics Quarterly, Volume 13, Issue 45, pp. 146-172. [In Persian]
  13. Kutschera, Ch (2012). The Kurdish National Movement, Kindle Edition.
  14. Makdisi, U.S (2000). The Culture of Sectarianism: Community, History, and Violence in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Lebanon. California: University of California Press.
  15. McEvoy, J; Wassim Aboultaif, E (2020). Power-Sharing Challenges: From Weak Adoptability to Dysfunction in Iraq, Ethnopolitics, Published online: 23 Mar 2020. doi.org/10.1080/17449057.2020.1739363.
  16. Mossalanejad, A (2019). US Comparative Policy toward Iran and the Middle East Security, Geopolitics Quarterly, Volume 14, Issue 52, pp. 1-20.
  17. Naharnet (2020). Available at: www.naharnet.com/stories/en/268398.
  18. Przeworski, A; Limongi, F (1993). Political Regimes and Economic Growth, the Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 7, No. 3 (summer, 1993), pp. 51-69.
  19. Rolland, J.C. (2003). Lebanon: Current Issues and Background, Nova Science Pub Inc.
  20. Salamey, I (2013). The Government and Politics of Lebanon, Routledge; 1st edition.
  21. Surhone, L.M.; Mariam T. T; Susan, F.H (2010). Parliament of Lebanon, Betascript Publishing.
  22. Taif Accords (1989). Avilable at: https://peacemaker.un.org/lebanon-taifaccords89
  23. The Political Economy (2019). Available at: theglobaleconomy.com/ rankings/wb_political_stability.
  24. The Telegraph (2019). Lebanon forms government three Hizbollah ministers nine month, Available at www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/01/31/lebanon-forms-government-three-hizbollah-ministers-nine-month/.
  25. Transparency International (2019). Corruption Perceptions Index, Available at: https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi.
  26. United States Institute of Peace (2020). Iraq Timeline: Since the 2003 War, Available at: https://www.usip.org/iraq-timeline-2003-war.
  27. World Atlas (2020). Prime Ministers Of Lebanon Since 1945, Available at: www.worldatlas.com/articles/prime-ministers-of-lebanon-since-1945.html
  28. World Bank (2020). Available at: data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM. TOTL.ZS? End=2020&locations=LB-IQ&start=2004.
  29. World Economic Outlook Database (2020). October 2020 Edition, Available at: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2020/October/weo-report?c=433,446,&s=NGDP_RPCH,&sy=2005&ey=2020&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1.
  30. statista.com/statistics/531624/national-debt-of-iraq/.
  31. statista.com/statistics/531701/national-debt-of-lebanon/.

فایل ها

سابقه مقاله

  • تاریخ دریافت: 21 مهر 1400
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 24 آذر 1400
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 24 دی 1400

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار