نقش پروژۀ گاپ در هیدروپلیتیک حوضۀ آبریز رودخانه‌های دجله و فرات

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

2 استادیار گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه میبد، یزد، ایران.

3 استادیار جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

4 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

امروزه آب به منزلۀ بقا و راه دستیابی به قدرت تلقی می‌شود. کشورهای بالادست رودخانه‌های بین‌المللی به فکر مدیریت آب‌هایی هستند که از خاک آن‌ها خارج می‌شود که پروژۀ گاپ در ترکیه نمونه‌ای از این اقدامات می‌باشد. پژوهش حاضر با روش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی و منابع اسنادی و کتابخانه در پی پاسخ به این سوال است که نقش پروژۀ گاپ در هیدروپلیتیک حوضۀ رودخانه‌های دجله و فرات چیست و استراتژی ترکیه از اجرای این طرح چست؟ نتایج مطالعه حاضر بر پایۀ رویکرد نظری هیدرورئالسیتی نشان می‌دهد که ترکیه به‌عنوان کشوری هیدروهژمون در بالادست دو رودخانۀ فرامرزی دجله و فرات و با بکارگیری استراتژی یک‌جانبه‌گرا(خود‌تفسیری) در الگوی روابط هیدروپلیتیکی با سایر کشورهای حوضه باعث شده تا چالش‌های هیدروپلیتیکی گوناگونی در ابعاد مختلف زیست‌محیطی و اجتماعی ـ اقتصادی متوجه کشورهای پائین‌دست شود. لذا، تقویت دیپلماسی آب با رویکرد مصالحت‌آمیز در روابط هیدروپلیتیکی کشورهای منطقه، تغییر نگرش نظامی و امنیّتی به موقعیّت رودخانه‌های دجله و فرات به نگرش تعاملی و همکاری، اصلاح و توسعه روابط هیدروپلیتیکی کشورهای حوضه برای مذاکرات دو یا چندجانبه، تشکیل شورای هماهنگی حقوق آب در منطقه از مهم‌ترین راهکارها در این مطالعه می‌باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Role of GAP Project in Hydropolitics of Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Basin

نویسندگان [English]

  • Yashar Zaki 1
  • Mohammad Sadegh Talebi 2
  • Marjan Badiee Azandehi 3
  • Muhammad Yusefi shatoori 4
1 Associate Professor of Political Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, Maybod University, Yazd, Iran.
3 Assistant Professor of Political Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
4 M.A student of Political Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Extended Abstract     
Today, water is considered as a way of survival and gaining power. The upstream countries of the international rivers are thinking about managing the water that comes out of their soil, as the GAP project in Turkiye is an example. The present study seeks to answer the question of what is the role of the GAP project in the hydropolitics of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and what is Turkiye’s strategy for the implementation of this project? The results of the present study, based on the theoretical approach of hydraulicity, show that Turkiye, as a hydro-hegemonic country upstream of the Tigris and Euphrates transboundary rivers, has adopted a unilateral (self-interpretive) strategy in the pattern of hydropolitical relations with other watersheds in the basin. Therefore, strengthening water diplomacy with a conciliatory approach in the hydropolitical relations of the countries of the region, changing the military and security attitude to the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to an interactive and cooperative attitude, reforming and developing the hydropolitical relations of the basin countries for bilateral or multilateral negotiations are important.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Hydropolitics
  • Tigris and Euphrates Basin
  • GAP
  • Hydro-hegemony
  • Hydro-realism

مراجع

  1. Abdi, A. (2008). The effect of hydropolitics on the transformation of the approaches of extra-regional powers, Quarterly Journal of Defense Strategy, Year 6, No. 20, Summerf, pp. 107-130. [In Persian]
  2. Akbari, N.; Mashhadi, A. (2019). Environmental Threats and Commitments of the Turkish Government in the Implementation of the Gap Project on Environmental Impacts in Iran (Dust), International Law Journal, No. 61, Fall-Winter, pp. 311 -351. [In Persian]
  3. Al-Ansari, N. (2016). Hydro-Politics of the Tigris and Euphrates Basins, published by Engineering, Vol.8, No.3, 2016.
  4. Allouche, J. (2020). Nationalism, Legitimacy and Hegemony in Transboundry Water Interactions, Water Alternatives 13(2), Volume13, 286-301.
  5. Brethaut, Ch; et al. (2021). Exploring discursive hydropolitics: a conceptual framework and research agenda, International Journal of Water Resources Development. pp 2-16.
  6. Bilgen, A. (2018). Turkeys Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP): a qualitative review of the literature, British Journal of Middli Eastern Studies, pp 2-20.
  7. Beer, F. A.; Hariman, R. (2012). Realism and rhetoric in international relations. In Post-realism: The rhetorical turn in international relations (pp. 1-30). Michigan State University Press.
  8. Chenari, S; Vasegh, M; Farnam, Z. (2017). The Role of management Structures in Creating Hydropolitical Challenges Due to Water Transfer in Iran, Political Geography Research Neighborhood, Year 2, Issue Day, Fall.
  9. Conker, A. (2014). An enhanced notion of power for inter-state and transnational hydropolitics: An analysis of Turkish-Syrian water relations and the Ilısu Dam conflict between the opponents and proponents of the Dam (Doctoral dissertation, University of East Anglia).
  10. Darvishi Blourani, A. (2018). Should we be worried about dust storms in the Tigris and Euphrates catchment? Select Publishing, University of Tehran [In Persian]
  11. Demir, E. (2003). the Contribution of the Southeastern Anatolian Project to the Domestic EcoNomy and Its Effect on The Settlements Areas, GÜ, Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 23, Sayı 3 (2003) 189-205.
  12. Dupuy, P.M. (2000). Lesgrands textes de droit international Public, Zed. Dalloz, Paris, (2000), P630.
  13. Elhance, A. (2000). Hydropolitics: Grounds for Dispair, Reasons for Hope, Vol. 5, No.2, pp.201-222
  14. Ezzati, E.; Khezri, M. H.; Nik Farjam, M. (2011). An Analysis of the Hydropolitics of Eastern Iran, Quarterly Journal of New Attitudes in Human Geography, Fourth Year, First Issue, Winter, pp. 95-113. [In Persian]
  15. Ghorbani Sepehr, A.; Janparvar, M.; Reza Mireshkari, M. (2017). A Realistic Approach to Southwest Asia Hydropolitics, Proceedings of the Conference on Water Diplomacy and West Asia Hydropolitical Opportunities. [In Persian]
  16. Ghorbani Sepehr, A.; Sultan Mohammadi, Z.; Ansari, Z. (2018). An Introduction to the Hydropolitics of the Persian Gulf Region, Specialized Quarterly of Persian Gulf Studies, Fourth Year, Third Issue (15 in a row), Winter, pp. 16-25. [In Persian]
  17. Ghaem Maghami, S. A. (2017). Water Crisis and Transboundary Waters of Turkey and National Environmental Security of Iran, Quarterly Journal of National Interest Studies, Second Year, No. 7, Spring, pp. 97-117. [In Persian]
  18. Ghoreshi, S.Z; Mianabadi, H; Mousavi Shafaei, M. (2019). The Role of Power in Iranian Water Diplomacy, Year 15, Issue 2, Summer, pp. 242-264. [In Persian]
  19. Ghoreshi, S. Z.; Mianabadi, H; Hajiani, E. (2020). Analysis of the dimensions of hydraulic mission in Turkish hydropolitics, Iran Water Resources Research, Year 16, Issue 1, Spring. [In Persian]
  20. Hafeznia, M. R. (2014) Principles and Concepts of Geopolitics, Mashhad, Papli. [In Persian]
  21. Hafeznia, M. R.; Taheri, A.; Farajzadeh Asl, M.; Karaminejad, H. (2017). The effect of political factors in intensifying the phenomenon of dust in the Tigris and Euphrates River basins, Geopolitics Quarterly, Volume 12, Number 4, Winter, pp. 13-38. [In Persian]
  22. Hall, W.E. (1924). lnt"I Law, Pearce Higgins, Oxford.
  23. Hommes, L; Boelens, R; Maat, H. (2016). Contested hydrosocial territories and disputed Water governance: Struggles and competing Claims Over the Ilisu Dam Development in southeastern Turkey, Geoforum 71: pp 9-20.
  24. Jafari Valdani, A. (2017). Geopolitical issues of the Persian Gulf, Mizan, first edition, Tehran. [In Persian]
  25. Kamran, H; Yari, E; Abedi, M. (2017). Environmental Security and National Security of Iran in the Context of Border Hydropolitical Developments; Case Study: Harirod, Geography, Association - New Year Fifteenth, No. 52, Spring, pp. 305-328. [In Persian]
  26. Karami, A; Hassanzadeh, J; Pishgahi Fard, Z. (2016). The effect of hydropolitics on Iraq-Turkey relations with emphasis on the Tigris and Euphrates, Quarterly Journal of Political Studies of the Islamic World, Geopolitics Quarterly, Fifth Year, No. (17), Spring. [In Persian]
  27. Kaviani Rad, M. (2005). Hydropolitical Relations between Iran and Afghanistan, Quarterly Journal of Strategic Studies, Year 8, Issue 2, Summer, Serial Number 28. [In Persian]
  28. Kaviani Rad, M. (2019). Hydropolitics of Straits and Approaches, Research Institute for Strategic Studies, Tehran, 271 pages. [In Persian]
  29. Konyshev, V. N. (2020). Neoclassical Realism in the Theory of International Relations. Polis. Political Studies, 4(4), 94-111.
  30. Lomia, E. (2020). Political Realism in International Relations: Classical Realism, Neo-realism, and Neo-Classical Realism. International Journal of Social, Political and Economic Research, 7(3), 591-600.
  31. Moradi Tadi, M.R. (2017). Water and politics; A Look at the Process of Water Politicization, Quarterly Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities, 9 (4), 71-90, Fall. [In Persian]
  32. Mojtahedzadeh, P. (2002). Political Geography and Geographical Politics, Samat Publications, Tehran. [In Persian]
  33. Moshirzade, H; Talebi Arani, R. (2011). Theories of International Relations, Tehran: Mizan Publications. [In Persian]
  34. Mollinga, P.P (2001). Water and Politics, rational choice and south Indian canal irrigation, futures, N33.
  35. Mokhtar Heshi, H. (2013). Hydropolitics of Iran; Geography of Water Crisis on the Horizon of 1404 F, Geopolitics Quarterly, Year 9, Issue 3, Fall, pp. 83-49. [In Persian]
  36. Mokhtar Heshi, H; Ghaderi Hajat, M. (2008). Middle East Hydropolitics on the Horizon of 2025 AD, A Case Study of the Tigris and Euphrates Basins, Jordan River and Nile River, Geopolitics Quarterly, No. 1, Spring, pp. 36-74. [In Persian]
  37. Mohammadian, A; Rezaei, A. (2016). The Evolution of the Concept of Diplomacy in International Relations, Geopolitics Quarterly, Year 5, Issue 1, Autumn and Winter, pp. 105-127. [In Persian]
  38. Mohammadi, H.R; Mirzaeipour, T; Hosseinpour Pouyan, R. (2012). Hydropolitical spatial analysis of the Tigris and Euphrates basins, Geopolitics Quarterly, New Volume, Tenth Year, No. 35, Winter. [In Persian]
  39. Mianabadi, H; Amini, A. (2019). The entanglement of water, politics and environment in the Tigris and Euphrates catchments, Geopolitics Quarterly, Year 15, Number 2, Summer, pp. 54-86. [In Persian]
  40. Mianabadi, H.; Ghoreishi, S. (2022). Realism and Liberalism Paradigms in Hydro-political Interactions. Geopolitics Quarterly, 18(65), 150-186. [In Persian].
  41. Murakami, M. (1995). Managing water for Peace in the Middle East: Alternative strategies, United Nations University Press. Tokye.
  42. Navari, A. (2019). Operation of Ilisu Dam in Turkey and International Water Law Standards, Quarterly Journal of Public Law Research, 21st year, No. 63, Summer. [In Persian]
  43. Rad Goodarzi, M; Safari, A. (2017). Water Crisis in Center Asia and International Institutions, Central Asia and Caucasus Quarterly, No. 100, Winter, pp. 89-118 [In Persian]
  44. Research Center of the Islamic Consultative Assembly (2017). Dust storms in the west and southwest of the country, causes, origin, centers and forecast of the future situation, June, serial number 15416. [In Persian]
  45. Rahimi Ashtiani, D. (2018). Water, Security and West Asia, Abrar Allameh Cultural-Studies and Research Institute, Tehran, November. [In Persian]
  46. Sinaye, V. (2011). Hydropolitics of Security and Development of Water Cooperation between Iran, Afghanistan and Turkmenistan, Quarterly Journal of Foreign Relations, Third Year, Second Issue, Summer, pp. 185-211. [In Persian]
  47. Sinaye, V; Jamali, J. (2018). Economic Diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Afghanistan and Management of Water Disputes between the Two Countries (Using the Institutionalist Economic Approach) pp. 69-93. [In Persian]
  48. Sattari, M.T. (2017). A Study of the Regional Impacts of Turkish Water Resources Development Projects, A Case Study of the Gap and Ilisu Dam Project, Public Policy Studies Network, Political Article [In Persian]
  49. Turton, A. (2001). Towards Hydro solidarity: Moving from resource capture to Cooperation and alliance. Keynote address at the Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI) Symposium on Water Security for Cities, Food, and Environment. Stockholm 18 August.
  50. The role of the Zionist regime in the construction of dams in Turkey (2018). Explanation of strategic thought, collection of strategic reports, July. [In Persian]
  51. Warner, J; Zeitoun, M. (2008). International relations theory and water do mix: Aresponse to Furlong’s troubled water, hydrohegemony and inter national water relations. Political Geography 27 (2008), pp 802-810.
  52. Wouters, P. (2013). International Law-Facilitating Transboundary Water Cooperation, Published by the Global Water Partnership, No. 17.
  53. Warner, J.F. (2008). Contested hydrohegemony: Hydraulic control and security in Turkey, Journal Water Alternatives, Vol.1, Issue number 2, pp271-288.
  54. Warner, J. (2012). The struggle over Turkey’s Ilisu Dam: domestic and International Security Linkages, International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, Springer, Vol. 12(3), pp231-250.
  55. Yildiz, D. (2018). The Peece Water Pipeline and innovative hydro diplomacy. World Water Diplomacy & Science News 3(4):1–9.
  56. Zaki, Y; Delshadzadeh, J; Karimi, B. (2015). Study and hydropolitical analysis of international rivers with emphasis on the Aras border river, Quarterly Journal of Military and Security Geography, First Year, First Issue, Spring, pp. 36-65. [In Persian]
  57. Zaki, Y; Asadollahi, S.S. (2020). Hydropolitics of the Turkish Gap Project and its Impact on Environmental Security in Iraq and Syria, Quarterly Journal of Political Planning, Vol.3, Num.1, Winter. [In Persian]
  58. Zeitoun, M.; Warner, J. (2006). Hydro-hegemony–a framework for analysis of trans-boundary water conflicts. Water Policy, 8(5), 435-460.

فایل ها

سابقه مقاله

  • تاریخ دریافت: 27 مهر 1400
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 18 بهمن 1400
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 20 اسفند 1400

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار