Counterterrorism in Middle Eastern Foreign Policy of Iran (1971-2021)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 Associate Professor of Political Science at Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.

2 PhD, Department of Political Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.

چکیده

In the last half-century, Iran has emerged as a regional power in the Middle East. One of the indicators of a country's regional power is regional custodianship that includes fighting intra-regional threats, such as terrorism. The aim of the current paper is to study Iranian Foreign Policy approach on fighting terrorism. Confronting terrorist groups in the Middle East has been one of the major aspects of Iran's foreign policy under two different political regimes. The Iranian government's struggle with the Dhofar Liberation Front (DLF) in Oman during the Pahlavi era and the fight against the Taliban terrorist group in Afghanistan and ISIS in Iraq and Syria can be seen as examples of this inter-regional struggle after Islamic revolution. Using David Rapoport (2004) and Robert Stewart's theory (2012), the paper seeks to investigate Iran’s foreign policy stance on fighting terrorism in West Asia. The main question of this article is How have the waves of international terrorism, effected Iran's regional foreign policy in the Middle East over the past half century? The findings show that Iran's foreign policy has been countered by the waves of international terrorism and has protected the security of the Middle East against terrorist groups and shows how a strong Iran has always reduced the cost of major powers in the fight against terrorism.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Counterterrorism in Middle Eastern Foreign Policy of Iran (1971-2021)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Shahrooz Shariati 1
  • Amir Hossein Vazirian 2
1 Associate Professor of Political Science at Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
2 PhD, Department of Political Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

In the last half-century, Iran has emerged as a regional power in the Middle East. One of the indicators of a country's regional power is regional custodianship that includes fighting intra-regional threats, such as terrorism. The aim of the current paper is to study Iranian Foreign Policy approach on fighting terrorism. Confronting terrorist groups in the Middle East has been one of the major aspects of Iran's foreign policy under two different political regimes. The Iranian government's struggle with the Dhofar Liberation Front (DLF) in Oman during the Pahlavi era and the fight against the Taliban terrorist group in Afghanistan and ISIS in Iraq and Syria can be seen as examples of this inter-regional struggle after Islamic revolution. Using David Rapoport (2004) and Robert Stewart's theory (2012), the paper seeks to investigate Iran’s foreign policy stance on fighting terrorism in West Asia. The main question of this article is How have the waves of international terrorism, effected Iran's regional foreign policy in the Middle East over the past half century? The findings show that Iran's foreign policy has been countered by the waves of international terrorism and has protected the security of the Middle East against terrorist groups and shows how a strong Iran has always reduced the cost of major powers in the fight against terrorism.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Terrorism
  • Regional Power
  • Dhofar Liberation Front
  • Taliban
  • ISIS

مراجع

  1. Akbarzadeh, Sh; Ibrahimi, N (2020). The Taliban: A New Proxy for Iran in Afghanistan, Third World Quarterly, Vol.41, No. 5. doi.org/10.1080/0143659 7.2019.1702460.
  2. Alarabiya (2015). Dempsey: Iran's role in Iraq could be 'positive. Retrieved from https://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2015/03/05/Dempsey-Iran-s-role-in-Iraq-could-be-positive-.html.
  3. Al-Jabouri, N; Jensen, S (2010). The Iraqi and AQI Roles in the Sunni Awakening. Prism 2. No 1.
  4. Allen, C; Rigsbee, L (2014). Oman Under Qaboos: From Coup to Constitution, 1970-1996. London: Routledge.
  5. Alvandi, R (2016). Nixon, Kissinger, and the Shah: The United States and Iran in the Cold War. UK: Oxford University Press.
  6. Amir Ahmadi, H (1998). Afghanistan Crisis and Iran's Regional Policy. Journal of Political and Economic Ettelaat, Vol. 12, No. 133. [In Persian]
  7. Arab Mazar, A (2014). Comparison of State Records in War and Sanctions Year. Sharq Daily Newspaper, No. 2137, Retrieved from https://www. magiran.com/article/3042534. [In Persian]
  8. Archive of documents of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1975). File 205 Oman-Muscat, February 15. [In Persian]
  9. Archive of the Islamic Revolution Documentation Center (1974). Contents of Israeli publications about Iran. File number in SAVAK 2/12137, March 17. [In Persian]
  10. Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1976). Report of the Iranian Embassy in Paris to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Muscat-Oman Archive, Box 18, February 21. [In Persian]
  11. Axworthy, M (2013). Revolutionary Iran; A History of the Islamic Republic. New York: Oxford Univerdity Press.
  12. Barzegar, K (2016). The Islamic Republic of Iran's foreign policy in the Middle East. Tehran: Center for International Research and Education. [In Persian]
  13. Bowen, J (2020). Qasem Soleimani: Why his killing is good news for IS jihadists. BBC News. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-51021861.
  14. Chamankar, M.J (2007). Iran-Oman Relations in the Pahlavi Period. Quarterly Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. University of Tabriz. Vol. 13, No. 25. [In Persian]
  15. Chamankar, M.J (2012). Fields of Military Intervention of the Second Pahlavi Government in the Dhofar Crisis. Quarterly Journal of the History of Islam and Iran (Al-Zahra University). Vol.22, No. 13. [In Persian]
  16. Devore, M (2012). A More Complex and Conventional Victory: Revisiting the Dhofar Counterinsurgency, 1963–1975. Small Wars &Insurgencies. Vol. 23, No.1. org/10.1080/09592318.2012.632861.
  17. Ettelaat Newspaper (1974, August 25 a). Qaboos's Support for Iranian Aid. Retrieved from https://mashruteh.org/wiki/index.php?title=%D9 %BE%D8% B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%3AEttelaat13530603.pdf&page=4. [In Persian]
  18. Ettelaat Newspaper (1974, February 9 b). The Emperor Warned Nixon about Oil: Shah's Interview with the Daily Telegraph. Retrieved from https:// mashruteh.org/wiki/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%3AEttelaat13521120.pdf&page=5. [In Persian]
  19. Ettellaat newspaper (1975, August 28). Negotiations between the leaders of Iran and Yemen began. Retrieved from https://mashruteh.org/wiki/index.php? title=%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87:Ettelaat13540606.pdf&page=3. [In Persian]
  20. Farrell, G; Thorne, J (2005). Where have all the flowers Gone? Evaluation of the Taliban Crackdown against Opium Poppy Cultivation in Afghanistan. International Journal of Drug Policy. Vol.16, No. 2.
  21. Helfont, S; Brill, M (2016). Saddam's ISIS? The Terrorist Group's Real Origin Story. Foreign Affairs. Retrieved from https://www.foreignaffairs.com/ articles/iraq/2016-01-12/saddams-isis.
  22. Holliday, F (1974). Arabia Without Sultans. London: Penguin Books.
  23. Holliday, F (1979). Iran: Dictatorship and Development. London: Penguin Books.
  24. Hunter, Sh (2010). Iran's Foreign Policy in the Post-Soviet Era: Resisting the New International Order. US: Praeger.
  25. Indyk, M; Fuller, G; Cordesman, A; Marr, P (1994). Symposium on Dual Containment: U.S. Policy Toward Iran and Iraq. Middle East Policy. Vol. III, No.1. doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4967.1994.tb00094.x
  26. International Institute for Strategic Studies (2019). Iran’s Networks of Influence in the Middle East. Retrieved from https://www.iiss.org/ publications/strategic-dossiers/iran-dossier/iran-19-03-ch-1-tehrans-strategic-intent.
  27. Islamic Republic of Iran News Agency (1975). Bulletin 167, Secret Microfiche. [In Persian]
  28. Jones, C (2011). Military Intelligence, Tribes, and Britain's War in Dhofar 1970-1976. Middle East Journal, Vol. 65, No. 4.
  29. Joukar, M; Sazmand, B (2020). The Role of Regional Powers in Shaping the Middle East Security Order (2003 To 2011), Geopoliticas Quarterly, Volume 16, Issue 59, pp. 148-171. [In Persian]
  30. Khamenei, A (2014). Statement in a Meeting with Members of the Assembly of Experts. Retrieved from http://farsi.khamenei.ir/speech-content?id=27356. [In Persian]
  31. Koepke, B (2013). Iran’s Policy on Afghanistan: The Evolution of Strategic Pragmatism, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Retrieved from https://www.sipri.org/publications/2013/irans-policy-afghanistan-evolu- tion -strategic-pragmatism.
  32. Ladwig, W (2008). Supporting allies in Counterinsurgency: Britain and the Dhofar Rebellion. Small Wars & Insurgencies, Vol. 19, No. 1. doi: 10.1080/09592310801905793.
  33. Levitt, M (2014). Terrorist Financing and the Islamic State. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Retrieved from http://www.washingtoninstitute. org/policy-analysisview/terrorist-financing-and-the-islamic-state
  34. Mansoor, P (2013). Surge: My Journey with General David Petraeus and the Remaking of the Iraq War. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  35. McCarthy, N (2019). The Annual Cost of The War in Afghanistan Since 2001[Infographic], Forbes. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/ niallmccarthy/2019/09/12/the-annual-cost-of-the-war-in-afghanistan-since-2001-infographic.
  36. Milani, M (2006). Iran's Policy Towards Afghanistan, Middle East Journal, Vol. 60, No 2. doi: 10.3751/60.2.12.
  37. Mofid, K (1990). the Economic Consequences of the Gulf War. London: Routledge.
  38. Mojtahedzadeh, P (1976). New Horizons in the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean. Journal of World Issues, Vol. 4, No. 8.
  39. Mossalanejad, A (2020). Iran’s Policy Toward Terrorist Groups and Regional Crises, Geopoliticas Quarterly. Volume. 16. Issue. 60, pp. 310-333.
  40. Osterud, O (1992). Regional great powers. in: Iver Neumann(eds), Regional Great Power in International Politics. Basingstoke: St. Martin Press.
  41. Owen, R (1973). The Rebellion in Dhofar: A Threat to Western Interests in the Gul, The World Today. Vol. 29, No. 6. Retrieved from https://www.jstor .org/stable/40394708?seq=1.
  42. Pahlavi, M.R (1974, October 16). Iran has Formed the Largest Hovercraft Fleet in the World in the Persian Gulf, Ettelaat Newspaper. Retrieved from https:// mashruteh.org/wiki/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88% D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%3AEttelaat13530724.pdf&page=1. [In Persian]
  43. Pahlavi, M.R (1974, March 12). No Military Presence in the Persian Gulf will be Allowed, Ettelaat Newspaper. Retrieved from https://mashruteh.org/ wiki/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%3AEttelaat13521222.pdf&page=6. [In Persian]
  44. Pahlavi, M.R (1975, September 15). The Persian Gulf Will be the Center of Conflict in the Coming years (Interview with Mohamed Hassanein Heikal). Ayandegan Newspaper. Retrieved from https://www.melli.org. [In Persian]
  45. Pahlavi, M.R (1980). Answer to History. US: Atein & Day Pub.
  46. Peterson, J. E. (2012). The Experience of British Counterinsurgency Campaigns and Implications for Iraq. Arabian Peninsula Background Note. Retrieved from https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Experience-of-British-Counter-Insurgency-and-Peterson/34b7241df21d543427e39edfc5c9e 45afc136318.
  47. Rapaport, D (2004). The Four Waves of Modern Terrorism," in Audrey Kurth Cronin and James M. Ludes (eds.), Attacking Terrorism, Elements of a Grand Strategy, Washington, D.C: Georgetown University Press.
  48. Raphaeli, N (2005). The Sheikh of the Slaughterers: Abu Mus'ab Al-Zarqawi and the Al-Qaeda Connection.
  49. Rasouli, M; Shariati, Sh (2020), Geopolitical analysis of Boko Haram terrorism threat in West Africa, Geopoliticas Quarterly, Volume 16, Issue 59, pp. 203-228. [In Persian]
  50. Razoux, P (2015). The Iran- Iraq war. translated by Nicholas Elliott. Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
  51. Saikal, A (1998). The Rabbani Government,1992–1996, (ed), William Maley, Fundamentalism Reborn? Afghanistan and the Taliban. New York: New York University Press.
  52. Schirm, S (2007). Emerging Power Leadership in Global Governance: Assessing the Leader-Follower Nexus for Brazil and Germany. Paper to the ECPR Joint Session Workshop: The Rise of (new) Regional Powers in Global and Regional Politics. European Consortium for Political Research: Helsinki.
  53. Schoeman, M (2003). South Africa as an Emerging Middle Power: 1994-2003. In in State of the Nation: South Africa 2003-2004. Edited by John Daniel, Adam Habib and Roger Southall. Cape Town: HSRC Press.
  54. Shahidi, M.A (2017). The Number of Martyrs Defending the Shrine was Announced. Mashreq News. Retrieved from https://www.mashreghnews.ir/ news/698569. [In Persian]
  55. Shakoori, A; Vazirian, A.H (2019). Assessing Regional Power of Contemporary Iran: Comparing Pahlavi II and the Islamic Republic. Geopoliticas Quarterly. Volume. 15. Issue. 55, pp. 25-57. [In Persian]
  56. Shariati, Sh; Ghaffari, M (2019). The Iran-Iraq War: Geopolitical Economy of the Conflict, Geopoliticas Quarterly. Volume: 14, Issue. 52, pp. 46-61.
  57. Stewart, R; Ingersol, F.D (2012). Regional Powers and Security Orders, Routledge Publisher: London and New York.
  58. Taheri, A (1975). Iran Policy in the Persian Gulf, in: Abbas Amiri (ed.), Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean in International Politics. Tehran: Institute for Political and Economic Research. [In Persian]
  59. The world bank (2017). Iran's Gross Domestic Product. Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=IR.

فایل ها

سابقه مقاله

  • تاریخ دریافت: 23 تیر 1401
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 03 آبان 1401
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 19 آبان 1401

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار