بنیان‌های فرهنگی منازعة ایران و عربستان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار روابط بینالملل، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران

2 استادیار مطالعات زنان، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

ایران و عربستان سعودی، تقریباً از دهه 1950 به این سو، یکدیگر را به عنوان یک رقیب در نظر گرفته‌اند. رقابت ایران و عربستان، زمینه گسترده‌ای را دربرمی‌گیرد. این زمینه رقابت در کنار شماری از عوامل مادی و معنوی سبب بروز تنش و تیرگی در روابط تهران ـ ریاض شده است. هراس این دو کشور متأثر از معنای غیرواقعی است که آن‌ها به مبانی و مؤلفه‌های فرهنگی یکدیگر بخشیده‌اند. در اثر این معنادهی، منظومه‌ای از معنا در ذهن آنان برساخته گردیده است که می‌توان آن را یک «گفتمان» نامید. این گفتمان از مجموعه‌ای عناصر چون مذهب، قومیت، ماهیت نظام سیاسی تشکیل شده است. این تحقیق در پی واکاوی نقش و جایگاه فرهنگ در تکوین منازعه در روابط ایران و عربستان است و این سؤال را مطرح می سازد که فرهنگ چه جایگاهی در تکوین منازعه در روابط ایران و عربستان دارد؟ فرضیه پژوهش این است که دوگانه‌سازی عرب/ عجم، دگرسازی شیعه/ سنی، الگوپردازی مداخله و رویکرد محافظه‌کاری/ انقلابی از بنیان‌های فرهنگی منازعه در روابط ایران و عربستان است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Cultural Foundations of the Iran-Saudi Arabia Conflict

نویسندگان [English]

  • morteza nourmohammadi 1
  • anahita seifi 2
1 Assistant Professor of International Relations, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
2 Assistant Professor of Women Studies, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Since 1950s, Iran and Saudi Arabia have considered each other as a rival and competition between two countries includes a wide range of issues. This field of competition along with a number of material and spiritual factors has caused conflicts in the relations of Tehran-Riyadh. Owing to this fact, a series of perceptions have occupied their minds which can be called a discourse. The discourse consisted of a set of factors such as religion, ethnicity and the nature of the political system. This research seeks to study the role and position of culture in advent of conflicts in Iran and Saudi Arabia’s relations. The methodology of the article is based on data analysis and content analysis. The results of the research indicate that the dualization of Arab/Ajam, Shiite-Sunni antagonism, and the conservative/ revolutionary approaches are the cultural foundations of conflict between Iran and Saudi Arabia. These findings show that an increase in cultural interactions, especially through non-governmental organizations and informal channels can reform perceptions and decrease tensions. Iran and Saudi Arabia can improve relations through emphasis on common grounds e.g. common beliefs, common interests in confrontation terrorism and stability in region. 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Iran
  • Saudi Arabia
  • Culture
  • Conflict
  • Otherness
  1. Ahram, Ariel I. & Lust, Ellen (2016). “The Decline and fall of the Arab State”, Survival, Vol.58, No.2 pp. 7-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2016.1161897.
  2. Akbarzadeh, S., & Barry, J. (2016). “State Identity in Iranian Foreign Policy”, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.43, No.4, pp.613–629. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2016.1159541
  3. Al-Rasheed, Madawi (2018). “Introduction: The Dilemmas of a New Era”, in: Madawi Al-Rasheed (editor), Salman’s Legacy: The Dilemmas of a New Era in Saudi Arabia, New York: Oxford University Press.
  4. Al-Rasheed, Madawi (2018). “King Salman and His Son: Winning the USA, Losing the Rest”, in: Madawi Al-Rasheed (editor), Salman’s Legacy: The Dilemmas of a New Era in Saudi Arabia, New York: Oxford University Press.
  5. Al-Rasheed, Madawi (2009). Modernizing authoritarian rule in Saudi Arabia”, Contemporary Arab Affairs, Vol.2, No.4, pp. 587-601. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17550910903244976.
  6. Abdullah-Khani Ali (2004). “Security Theories”, Tehran: Cultural Institute of International Studies and Research Abrar Moaser, [In Persian].
  7. Alvandi, Roham (2012). “Nixon, Kissinger, and the Shah: the origins of Iranian primacy in the Persian Gulf”, Diplomatic history, Vol.36, No.2, pp. 337-372. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7709.2011.01025.x.
  8. Ahmadi, Hamid (2010). Iran’s Cultural Relations with Neighbors; Case Study of Turkey, Tehran: Research Center for Culture, Arts and Communication, [In Persian].
  9. Badiee Azandehie, Marjan & Kiani, Vahid (2014). “A Critique on Shia Geopolitics Discourse, With Emphasis on Genealogical Approach”, Geopolitics Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 83-106.
  10. Bunzel, Cole (2018). “Wahhabism, Saudi Arabia, and the Islamic State: ‘Abdullah ibn Jibrin and Turki al-Bin ‘ali”, in: Madawi Al-Rasheed (editor), Salman’s Legacy: The Dilemmas of a New Era in Saudi Arabia, New York: Oxford University Press.
  11. Buzan, Barry (2010). “Culture and international society”, International Affairs, Vol.86, No.1, pp.1–26.
  12. Dehghani Firoozabadi, Seyyed Jalal & Radfar, Firoozeh (2010). “The Pattern of Exporting Revolution in the Foreign Policy of the 9th Administration”, Political Science Quarterly, Vol.5, No.10, pp. 123-150. [In Persian].     
  13. Erickson, Amanda (2017). “What’s behind the feud between Saudi Arabia and Iran? Power.” The Washington Post. Located 22 September 2018. Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/12/20/whats-behind-thefeud-between-saudi-arabia-and-iran-power/?utm_term=.f2aa6be89c52    
  14. Fuller, Graham E. & Franke Rend Rahim (2005). Arab Shi'a: The Forgotten Muslims: New York, Palgrave Macmillan.
  15. Gause, F.G. (2014). Beyond Sectarianism: The new Middle East Cold War, Brookings Doha Center Analysis Paper, 11, Brookings Doha Center. Available at: https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/English-PDF-1.pdf
  16. Gause, F.G. (2017). “Ideologies, Alignments, and Under balancing in the New Middle East Cold War”, Political Science and Politics, Vol.50, No. 3, pp.672-675. DOI: 10.1017/S1049096517000373.
  17. Ghoble, Vrushal T. (2019). “Saudi Arabia–Iran Contention and the Role of Foreign Actors”, Strategic Analysis, Vol.43, No.1, pp. 42-53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09700161.2019.1573772.
  18. Hosseinizadeh, Seyed Mohammad Ali (2004); “Theory of Discourse and Political Analysis”, Political Science Quarterly, Vol.28, pp. 181-212. [In Persian].     
  19. Halliday, Fred, (1999); Revolution and Word Politics, Durham: Duke University Press.
  20. Haji Naseri, Saeed (2019). “States, Culture and Identity Movement in Chaos Geopolitics”, Geopolitics Quarterly, Vol.14, No.4, pp.21-45.
  21. Hammond, Andrew (2018). “Producing Salafism: From Invented Tradition to State Agitprop”, in: Madawi Al-Rasheed (editor), Salman’s Legacy: The Dilemmas of a New Era in Saudi Arabia, New York: Oxford University Press.
  22. Howarth D. & Y. Stavrakakis. (2000). “Introducing discourse theory and political analysis”. In D. Howarth, A. Norval and Y. Stavrakakis (eds.), Discourse Theory and Political Analysis: Identities, Hegemonies and Social Change. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  23. Hunter, Shireen (2010). Iran’s foreign policy in the post-Soviet era. Santa Barbara: Praeger.
  24. Jonson, Alastair l, (1995). Culture Realism: Strategic Culture and Grand Strategy in Chinese History, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  25. Jorgensen, M. & Philips, L. (2002). Discourse Analysis as Theory and Method. London: Sage Publications.  
  26. Khajehsarvi, Gholamreza (2008). “Islamic Revolution and Narrative of National Identity”, Tehran: Imam Sadiq University. [In Persian].     
  27. Laclua, Ernesto, Mouffe, Chantal, (1985). Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Toward a Radical Democratic Politics, London: Verso.
  28. Lynch, Rory (2018). “The New Arab Order”. Foreign Affairs. Located 26 September 2018. Available at: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/middle-east/2018-08-13/new-arab-order
  29. Mansfield, Peter (2006). A History of the Middle East, translated by Abdol-Ali Espahbodi, Tehran: Elmi-Farhangi publication, [In Persian].
  30. Marsella, Anthony J. (2005). “Culture and conflict: Understanding, negotiating, and reconciling conflicting constructions of reality”, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol.29, No. 6, pp. 651–673. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.07.012. 
  31. Mossalanejad, Abbas (2012). “Explanation Shiite Identity Seeking and the Middle East's New Geopolitics”, Geopolitics Quarterly, Vol.8, No.25, pp.135-171.
  32. Mottaqizadeh, Zainab (2005). Political Geography of the Persian Gulf Shiites, Tehran: Shia Studies Institute. [In Persian].     
  33. Moshirzadeh, Homeira (2007). “Discursive Foundations of Iran's Nuclear Policy," Security Dialogue, Vol.38, No.4, pp. 521-543. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0967010607084999.   
  34. Salehi Amiri, Seyyed Reza and Mohammadi, Saeed (2010). Cultural Diplomacy, Tehran: Qoqnous publication. [In Persian].     
  35. Smith, Steven, (1999). “The Increasing Insecurity of Security: Conceptualizing Security in the Last Twenty Year”, Contemporary Security Policy, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 72-101.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13523269908404231
  36. Soltani, A. (2004). Power, Discourse and the Language, Tehran: Nashre Ney. [In Persian]
  37. Soltaninejad, Mohammad (2019). “Iran and Saudi Arabia: Emotionally Constructed Identities and the Question of Persistent Tensions”, Asian Politics & Policy, Vol.11, No. 1, pp. 104–121. DOI: 10.1111/aspp.12435.
  38. Tajik, Mohammad Reza (2005). The Narrative of Antagonism and Identity among Iranians, Tehran: Discourse Culture, [In Persian].
  39. Torfing, J. (1999). New Theories of Discourse: Laclau, Mouffe, Zizek. Oxford: Blackwell.    
  40. Turkmeni Azar, Parvin (2011). Political History of Shiites in Iran, Qom: Shiism. [In Persian].